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In life, he was the most magnificent
beast ever to take to the wing.

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00:00:50,541 --> 00:00:52,611
He ruled the skies supreme,

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flying far and wide

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over the lands of the dinosaurs.

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This is the story
of the last journey

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This is the story
of the last journey

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this giant ever made.

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It is the start
of a time called the Cretaceous.

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The movement of the continents

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is not only breaking up
the landmasses,

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but it continues
to push up sea levels.

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This has opened new seaways
and coastlines.

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(Squawking)

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Where once there was solid land,
now there are ragged cliffs,

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buzzing with an abundance of
flying reptiles called pterosaurs.

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Pterosaurs have been here
for 100 million years.

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Many species are huge. Wingspans
of six metres and more are common.

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But there is one species
that dwarfs them all.

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He is 0rnithocheirus -

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12 metres
from wing tip to wing tip

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and a body bigger than a man's.

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The undisputed king of the skies.

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This giant is over 40 years old.

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Most of his life has been spent
wandering the globe,

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Most of his life has been spent
wandering the globe,

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in search of food,

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but every year, there is an
interruption to this nomadic life.

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It will soon be time to find a mate.

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0n the rocks, the mating season
for another pterosaur is under way -

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the bizarre-looking Tapejara.

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Pterosaurs' wings
are thin membranes of skin

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that stretch from elongated fingers
on their forelimbs

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to the ends of their hindlimbs.

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Their bones are hollow and light.

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They are masters of the air,

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but on land they are cumbersome,

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with their legs joined up
by the wings.

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Squatting on all fours,
the males try and claim an area

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from which to display
to the females.

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They show off their colourful crests

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until one competitor backs down.

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A large crest is also a lure
to the females.

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A potential mate
soon makes a cautious approach,

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her head dipped in submission.

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As in any competition,
there are losers.

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Unable to secure himself
a good display patch,

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this male is perilously close
to a blowhole.

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Down here, he has little chance
of attracting a mate.

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(Honking call)

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Instinct tells the 0rnithocheirus
that it is time to move on.

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He must return
to his breeding site in Europe,

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on the other side of the world.

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For this giant of the sky,

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it will be the last great flight
he ever makes.

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What he is about to undertake

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is the most astounding journey
in the animal kingdom.

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From the shores
of the great southern continent,

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he will travel to North America,

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cross the Atlantic seaway,

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and fly on to the islands

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which mark where Europe
will one day be formed.

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Spread out below him
will be the majesty and spectacle

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of a world ruled by dinosaurs.

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In just a few days, he reaches
the southern tip of North America.

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Below him, a column of Iguanodon

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stretches along a beach,

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grazing the edge of a dense forest.

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A thousand tonnes of dinosaur
are on the move.

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Hundreds of mouths are searching

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for a fresh place
to satisfy their enormous appetites.

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The young play around the adults.

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The young play around the adults.

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Although these herbivores
walk on four legs,

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Iguanodon can run on just two.

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This makes them quite nimble,

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certainly more so than the
lumbering plant-eater, Polacanthus,

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that is accompanying the herd.

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(High-pitched shrieking)

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The wall of flesh
travels slowly onward,

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following the path
of the 0rnithocheirus,

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but there is a setback ahead.

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(Thunder)

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The climate in the time of
the dinosaurs is warm and tropical.

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There are only two seasons -
dry and wet.

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Now is the time of year
for tropical storms.

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In moments, the short stretch
of coast is drenched -

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welcome relief for thirsty plants

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and lean rivers,

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but it is a disaster
for a migrating pterosaur.

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The 0rnithocheirus
is grounded by the heavy rain,

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frustrating his urge
to get to the breeding site.

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He shelters as best he can -

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the downy fur on his body
must be kept dry.

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For the Iguanodon herd,
the rain is no hindrance.

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These are among the most successful
dinosaurs on the planet,

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populating every continent,

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thriving on a variety of vegetation.

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The river estuary provides them
with an ideal break in the forest.

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There is fresh water

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and the banks here are thick with
lush podocarp scrub and tree ferns.

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0ne reason Iguanodon
are so successful

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is they have a new way
of tackling plants.

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Most dinosaurs can only crudely
slice food with their teeth,

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Most dinosaurs can only crudely
slice food with their teeth,

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but Iguanodon
are the first herbivores

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to have back teeth
that can grind up vegetation.

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This ability to chew

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speeds digestion
of even the toughest plant material.

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The forests near the equator

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are also witness
to another landmark in evolution.

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The first simple flowers
have arrived,

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adding a dash of colour
to an otherwise green world.

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It is the start
of a new relationship with insects.

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Attracted by the colour and smell,

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this wasp is feasting on pollen.

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It will unwittingly spread it
to other flowers,

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speeding up
the plant's reproduction.

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The plants that have evolved
this feature are flourishing,

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and soon will dominate
the flora of the world.

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The next day,
the weather starts to improve.

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The 0rnithocheirus
waits impatiently in his cave,

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and busies himself with grooming.

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He is plagued by parasites that
bite vessels on his wing membrane.

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If he is to find a mate,

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he must be in prime condition.

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He has to keep the parasites
in check.

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In the morning air,

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smaller reptiles
are now out on the wing.

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But the 0rnithocheirus is so large,
he must wait

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until the heat of the day
creates warm updraughts of air,

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strong enough to lift him.

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But time is short.
His body is already showing signs

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of readiness for mating.

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Faint colours have started to bloom

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on his beak's display crest.

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At last,
he can resume his epic journey.

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For thousands of kilometres, he
follows the coast of North America.

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Like all giant pterosaurs,
he uses his enormous wings

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to ride on the warm air currents
that rise over land.

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His whole body weighs
less than 100 kilograms,

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and this helps him glide
effortlessly over huge distances.

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But soon he must face open water.

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This is the young Atlantic.

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It is still
only 300 kilometres wide.

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To reach the other side,
he'll need all his gliding skills

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to exploit air currents
that form over waves.

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Along the way, he must feed.

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But flying low brings its dangers.

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Hungry monsters watch him
from below the waves.

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An entire day on the wing,

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and he has arrived on the most
western of Europe's islands.

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Again, the landscape is dominated
by a huge herd of Iguanodon.

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But this time,
it is a larger European species,

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up to three tonnes apiece.

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These animals are again accompanied

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by a spiky Polacanthus.

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00:14:04,484 --> 00:14:06,440
These armoured herbivores

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are often found
around Iguanodon herds,

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presumably for mutual protection.

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There is safety in numbers.

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(Growling)

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They are being watched

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by a pack
of carnivorous Utahraptors.

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For the moment,
they are biding their time.

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Meanwhile,
another conflict is looming.

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A small pterosaur
fishes the waters of the lake.

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Its success has not gone unnoticed
by 0rnithocheirus.

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The giant turns bully.

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Under cover of the pencil pines,

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a female Utahraptor
has been stalking.

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00:15:27,115 --> 00:15:30,425
Her chosen prey are the Iguanodon.

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Somewhere close by
are the rest of the pack.

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(Low growling)

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With lethal claws, this
five-metre killer is well-armed.

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And long fingers help her

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to latch on
to swift-moving larger prey.

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00:16:04,718 --> 00:16:08,791
(Bellowing)

178
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(Hissing)

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(Bellowing)

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00:16:47,498 --> 00:16:50,058
Raptors have
the short legs of a sprinter

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and do not pursue
their prey for long.

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This one saves her energy for later.

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00:17:04,058 --> 00:17:07,414
Eventually, the herbivores
lose their nervousness,

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and they start to move on.

185
00:17:18,538 --> 00:17:21,894
As the Iguanodon file down
to a lake to drink,

186
00:17:21,978 --> 00:17:25,527
a Polacanthus lags behind
to gorge on conifers,

187
00:17:25,618 --> 00:17:28,291
and becomes separated from the herd.

188
00:17:31,458 --> 00:17:33,847
The Utahraptors soon reappear,

189
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tails held rigid for balance,

190
00:17:36,098 --> 00:17:40,694
but the Polacanthus
displays his formidable defences.

191
00:17:40,778 --> 00:17:44,976
For a predator,
there are far easier meals nearby.

192
00:17:54,938 --> 00:17:57,896
The whole herd
has reached the lakeside.

193
00:17:57,978 --> 00:17:59,934
In the background,

194
00:18:00,018 --> 00:18:02,976
the 0rnithocheirus
sits safe on his rock.

195
00:18:08,738 --> 00:18:11,206
The raptors are closing in.

196
00:18:19,698 --> 00:18:21,928
The Iguanodon sense the threat

197
00:18:22,018 --> 00:18:24,657
and start to get nervous.

198
00:18:40,418 --> 00:18:42,374
After one unsuccessful attack,

199
00:18:42,458 --> 00:18:47,248
the raptors are being
more cautious, and it is paying off.

200
00:18:47,338 --> 00:18:49,977
They are within striking distance.

201
00:19:12,618 --> 00:19:15,337
(Guttural roar)

202
00:19:41,194 --> 00:19:45,153
This is the first kill
they have made for over a week.

203
00:19:45,234 --> 00:19:50,354
They will eat as much as
100 kilograms each in one sitting.

204
00:19:50,434 --> 00:19:53,983
The youngest of the Utahraptors
hovers nearby.

205
00:19:54,074 --> 00:19:56,713
There is a pecking order
to this feast,

206
00:19:56,794 --> 00:20:00,104
and the large adults come first.

207
00:20:04,634 --> 00:20:06,750
However, the youngster is hungry

208
00:20:06,834 --> 00:20:09,394
and he tries his luck.

209
00:20:10,514 --> 00:20:13,824
(Snarling)

210
00:20:13,914 --> 00:20:18,465
The response from the adults
is immediate and intimidating.

211
00:20:23,434 --> 00:20:26,949
This is not
a confrontation he can win.

212
00:20:47,354 --> 00:20:51,745
High above, the 0rnithocheirus
leaves these killing fields

213
00:20:51,834 --> 00:20:55,031
for a safer place to pass the night.

214
00:21:17,314 --> 00:21:21,102
He finds what appears to be
an ideal spot to rest,

215
00:21:21,194 --> 00:21:25,153
before his final push
to the mating grounds.

216
00:21:26,234 --> 00:21:30,227
But from within the dense forest,
he is being watched...

217
00:21:30,314 --> 00:21:32,908
by relatives of the raptors.

218
00:21:44,954 --> 00:21:47,832
These, though, are birds -
flying dinosaurs

219
00:21:47,914 --> 00:21:51,873
that share the same ancestors
as the carnivorous raptors.

220
00:21:51,954 --> 00:21:56,505
They have evolved feathers
which turn their arms into wings.

221
00:21:56,594 --> 00:22:00,507
At this time of year,
they have eggs to protect,

222
00:22:00,594 --> 00:22:02,664
and the presence of the intruder

223
00:22:02,754 --> 00:22:05,712
sets off a chain reaction
of aggression.

224
00:22:15,954 --> 00:22:17,910
Next to the 0rnithocheirus,

225
00:22:17,994 --> 00:22:21,304
the birds look no bigger
than insects.

226
00:22:21,394 --> 00:22:25,273
Their feathered wings
are more resistant to damage

227
00:22:25,354 --> 00:22:28,346
than the skin membrane
of the pterosaur,

228
00:22:28,434 --> 00:22:31,665
especially among branches and twigs.

229
00:22:31,754 --> 00:22:33,710
In the future,

230
00:22:33,794 --> 00:22:36,752
the pterosaurs will
surrender the skies to the birds.

231
00:23:00,434 --> 00:23:06,225
He eventually reaches Cantabria,
which will one day form Spain.

232
00:23:08,915 --> 00:23:12,669
He is exhausted
by his 14,000 km journey.

233
00:23:15,355 --> 00:23:17,823
Ahead lies the mating ground.

234
00:23:20,635 --> 00:23:22,591
Every year of his adult life,

235
00:23:22,675 --> 00:23:25,633
he has returned
to this same spot to mate.

236
00:23:25,715 --> 00:23:28,832
The beach is full of male
0rnithocheirus competing for space.

237
00:23:58,235 --> 00:24:00,191
As the old male approaches,

238
00:24:00,275 --> 00:24:05,747
he knows that the nearer the centre
of this intimidating throng,

239
00:24:05,835 --> 00:24:10,147
the more attractive
he will be to the females.

240
00:24:10,235 --> 00:24:12,430
He heads for the dominant position

241
00:24:12,515 --> 00:24:17,191
he has occupied in previous years -
right in the middle.

242
00:24:17,275 --> 00:24:21,985
But this time, he faces
a challenge to his supremacy.

243
00:24:24,035 --> 00:24:26,868
Again and again, he tries to land,

244
00:24:26,955 --> 00:24:31,073
but the males on the ground
fend him off.

245
00:24:33,955 --> 00:24:36,469
Eventually, his weariness tells,

246
00:24:36,555 --> 00:24:39,467
and he has to land elsewhere.

247
00:24:52,755 --> 00:24:55,223
His position among the males

248
00:24:55,315 --> 00:24:58,227
has been usurped by younger animals.

249
00:24:59,315 --> 00:25:02,113
They advertise their vigour and size

250
00:25:02,195 --> 00:25:04,504
to warn off rival males,

251
00:25:04,595 --> 00:25:08,304
and to attract females
out of the air.

252
00:25:14,123 --> 00:25:16,079
For the outcast,

253
00:25:16,163 --> 00:25:19,633
the world has been
turned upside down.

254
00:25:19,723 --> 00:25:23,398
Now banished to the outskirts
of the mating area,

255
00:25:23,483 --> 00:25:27,715
he will be lucky
to attract a female at all.

256
00:25:27,803 --> 00:25:30,601
(Honking call)

257
00:25:33,603 --> 00:25:36,037
In the blistering heat of midday,

258
00:25:36,123 --> 00:25:40,674
his instincts
force him to keep trying.

259
00:25:45,443 --> 00:25:47,911
The females are unmoved.

260
00:25:53,764 --> 00:25:56,073
The centre of the beach.

261
00:25:56,164 --> 00:25:58,519
A female has just landed

262
00:25:58,604 --> 00:26:01,072
and submits herself to a male

263
00:26:01,164 --> 00:26:03,314
who flashes his red crest
to impress her.

264
00:26:08,845 --> 00:26:09,405
Mating itself is brief. Afterwards,
the male will resume displaying

265
00:26:09,405 --> 00:26:12,124
Mating itself is brief. Afterwards,
the male will resume displaying

266
00:26:12,205 --> 00:26:14,196
to attract more females.

267
00:26:14,285 --> 00:26:17,243
The female herself will now leave.

268
00:26:25,965 --> 00:26:28,638
Three days later and, at last,

269
00:26:28,725 --> 00:26:31,842
the breeding site
is emptying of males.

270
00:26:31,925 --> 00:26:35,679
It is still fiercely hot.

271
00:26:40,125 --> 00:26:43,083
0ur 0rnithocheirus has yet to mate.

272
00:26:45,245 --> 00:26:49,033
Worse still, his fruitless exertions
under the blazing sun

273
00:26:49,125 --> 00:26:51,878
have taken a heavy toll.

274
00:26:51,965 --> 00:26:54,240
(Weak honks )

275
00:26:56,805 --> 00:27:00,878
Heat stress and lack of food
have all but killed him.

276
00:27:00,965 --> 00:27:05,163
The king of the skies
has lost his majesty.

277
00:27:33,645 --> 00:27:36,364
His life has run full circle.

278
00:27:36,445 --> 00:27:39,994
In his time,
he travelled the globe,

279
00:27:40,085 --> 00:27:42,315
but death finds him here,

280
00:27:42,405 --> 00:27:44,361
in the very same place

281
00:27:44,445 --> 00:27:47,437
where he first mated
some 40 years ago.

282
00:27:52,165 --> 00:27:54,725
0n the beach are others who lost out

283
00:27:54,805 --> 00:27:57,365
in this struggle to reproduce.

284
00:28:02,005 --> 00:28:04,565
But nature is seldom wasteful -

285
00:28:04,645 --> 00:28:08,877
they have become food
for the next generation.

286
00:28:35,885 --> 00:28:38,843
The pterosaurs
continued to rule the skies

287
00:28:38,925 --> 00:28:41,485
for millions of years,
while on land,

288
00:28:41,565 --> 00:28:44,841
the dinosaurs spread
to every part of the globe.

289
00:28:44,925 --> 00:28:48,201
In the next episode,
we will see how they conquered

290
00:28:48,285 --> 00:28:51,277
the most extraordinary
environment of all -

291
00:28:51,365 --> 00:28:54,323
the dark forests of the South Pole.

292
00:28:54,405 --> 00:28:58,000
(Fierce roar and high-pitch screams )