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{\fn书体坊郭小语钢笔楷体\fs15}
{\fad(500,500)}{\a7}字幕菌：Autumn2012
后期压制：那白岚
出品：纪录片之家

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{\fn微软雅黑\fs42}
{\fad(500,500)}造 物 小 百 科

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在本集“制造的原理”中

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水平仪

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在这闷工厂，产品真是有着最佳水平

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热狗

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我们将探工厂的真相

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研磨粒

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它们的研磨能力可得合乎标准

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以及砂纸

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过程的重点在于抵抗研磨粒

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水平仪发明于17世纪

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目的是校正物体倾斜度

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我们用它来衡量东西完全合乎标准

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没有它，建筑物会倾斜

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地板会歪曲

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而地图也会有不正确的海拔资讯

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所以水平尺真的是让我们的世界变得更挺直了

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它的观念已有数世纪之久 但仍然管用

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让水平仪的气泡置于正中

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有助于确保成品的平整性

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他们从段层压桦木条开始

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一部自动起槽机先在其中 挖出几个孔

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其中三个孔会装上含有气泡的小瓶

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另外两个会当作把手

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一旦凿出足够的槽孔之后

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他们就开始处理木条边缘

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他们沿着木条长远切出构槽

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以装上铜制镶边

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但首先，他们把镶边拉出到成形机上

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滚轮把它碾平 去除卷绕时造成的弯曲

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其他滚轮再把铜带折出形状

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这个过程让铜带可以镶入 水平仪木条的构槽里

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他们把铜镶边放上一部机器

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机器把它们插入沟槽内

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这让木条在整个边缘都受到补强

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在另一固工作站

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一部机器将塑胶融化 并塑造成小瓶的形状

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每个小瓶的内部都略有点弧度

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这样气泡才有停留的地方

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小瓶行经一个振动进料器

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它将小瓶送到握爪上 握爪旋转每个小瓶让开口端朝上

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接着就要注入黄色的矿物油精

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只留下形成气泡所需的空间

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机械手臂为小瓶装上塑胶帽

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接着，这部音波熔接机以高频率音波

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将塑胶帽熔接到小瓶上

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小瓶随后送往检验站

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这里的具小型摄影机拍摄气泡

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并将照片送到一台电脑进行检查

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以这批产品而言

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气泡必须是约1点2公分宽

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如果准确

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电脑就让小瓶继续前进

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一个打印头接着将中心标语 热压印到小瓶上

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但这个油精小瓶尚未完成

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下一步是要烘烤24小时

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热度会突显出瑕疵 有缺陷的小瓶会被筛除

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接着他们以明亮红光照射小瓶

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让它在滚轮间缓慢转动时被照亮

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一部摄影机拍摄气泡

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电脑扫描影像以检查其位移

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位移太多会影响水平仪的精确度

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通过测试的小瓶 接着进入一固熔接系统

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它将熔融的塑胶射入缝隙中形成小瓶的底座

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接着一名技术员将装有底座的小瓶

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黏到木条的开孔中

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每个槽孔两个

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这是要求精准的工作

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每个小瓶都必须完全水平放置

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她会确认进度 靠的是监视器上的放大影像

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有些小瓶是垂直安装，以量测墙面是否垂直

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水平安装的小瓶则告诉你 地板是否水平

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他们在小瓶外侧装上压克力框小窗以保护小瓶

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他们在水平仪两端装上橡胶帽

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并且打印上商标

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现在这些水平仪可以用来对付歪曲的结构

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让工程都能完全平直了

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热狗是当红的香肠食品

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德国的香肠制造商 可能是这个想法的源头

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事实上有报告指出德裔移民

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早自1860年起就在纽约街区 以推车贩卖热狗

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经过个半世纪之后

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热狗仍是街道上的宠儿

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为制造标准热狗

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他们使用猪肉，牛肉和鸡肉的混合肉品

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他们使用的肉片成为“切削”

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那是切割牛排或猪排时留下的碎肉

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大部分属于肌肉组织

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他们绞碎切屑的方式 就像肉贩绞制汉堡肉一样

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将肉片推进，穿过有孔的金属板

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他们将处理过的鸡肉切屑加到绞肉申

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然后混入食用淀粉

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盐

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及其他调味料

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淀粉使混合物变粘稠

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调味料则随着热狗的销售地区而不同

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因为不同地区的人们口味也不一样

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他们将水喷入混台物中

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然后在厂个长方形大桶中 将所有东西充分混合

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掺入少量玉米糖浆增加一点甜味

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他们再加入更多水

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好帮助成分均匀分开

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让热狗变得更多汁

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另一部机器随后将肉糊打成细浆

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并把任何空气抽出

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他们将一卷卷纤维素肠衣放进填充机

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它将肉浆打入长肠衣内

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每隔13公分就扭转一次

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那是一条热狗的长度

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35秒时间里做出的一串热狗

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长度就足以横跨美式足球场两次

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接着他们把三条这样的热狗 串连成更长的串

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一次将好几条装入另一部机器

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它把热狗垂挂到移动的架子上

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时机经过细心的整合 让扭转处都能挂到横杆上

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热狗在架子上经过烟燻液冲洗

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然后通过分成数个烹调区的烤炉

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烟燻液会渗入肠衣

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在热狗烘烤时增添其风味

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热腾腾送出烤炉后

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他们把热狗浸泡在很冷的盐水里

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使它们冷却好准备包装

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热狗接着鱼贯而下到达下架区

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这里有部机器将它们拉下横杆 放上输送带

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热狗滑下输送带，进入金属容器里

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如果你纳闷肠衣上的黑带是什么

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答案就要揭晓 或者我们该说被剥下来了

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黑带是作为标记用途

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当它们从肠衣上脱落

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没有黑带就表示热狗已经做好

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可以准备包装了

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在剥皮机内部

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一把小刀将每条肠衣从顶部切开

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接着蒸气立即将肠衣吹掉

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这部机器每分钟可以剥除700条热狗

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一名检查员进行检查 确认肠衣已完全剥除

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而热狗有没有瑕疵

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然后就要进入一个状似塑胶脚踏车的器具

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扣链齿将热狗推到定位，准备包装

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这家工厂每小时可似产出惊人的30万条热狗

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就是每一班生产近250万条了

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所以真的是大量地自动化生产

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这是好消息，午餐应该有着落了

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制造砂纸需要砂当作研磨粒

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人们使用研磨矿物质砂磨打亮物品已有数世纪之久

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如今这些矿物质透过繁复的处理 以达成理想标准

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或者该说分出等级

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因为砂砾等级从很细到很粗都有

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不论是处理金属或木材

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使用正确等级的研磨砂砾有助于打亮成品

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他们从铝矾土开始

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那是种看来很像黏土 自然存在的矿物质

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或者可以使用黏土

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依制造何种研磨粒而定

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他们将它和其他原料 在电弧炉中混合

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其中有三个大电极以强大电流

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将混合物加热到超过摄氏二千度

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那比活火山还热

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事实上，在矿物质熔化混合时

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它看起来真的很像熔岩

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技术员站得很远，利用一把长柄勺

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取出样品供化学分析

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如果分析确认混合比例正确

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他们就把熔化矿物质倒入个大型钢锅中

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灼热的液体重达数吨

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因此他们用吊车将它运送到冷却区

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经过24小时后

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研磨矿物质已经硬化

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他们便让破坏球登场

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它把硬化的混合物击破

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混台物在核心处仍然相当热

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他们让破坏球重复落下 以击碎硬化矿物质

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他们把研磨矿物碎块送到输送带系统

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再送入击碎机

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这些击碎机内有金属板

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把它们打成拳头大小的碎块

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一块磁铁吸起多余的铁屑

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接着进入轧碎机

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它把它们卷入两个铁筒之间绞成小块

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他们组装一些网孔由大而小的筛网

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做成一个摇动的筛子

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最大网孔的筛网置于最上方 以筛选矿物颗粒

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往下是更小网孔的筛网 以便把它们按照大小分类

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为了所有参考

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我们把一枚硬币放入不同网孔的筛网上

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如你所见

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只有最细的砂砾才能通过编织最密的筛网

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砂砾块在筛网之间跳动 并且掉落到漏斗里

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每种大小各有一个漏斗

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最粗的颗粒会用于最粗的砂磨业上

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颗粒越细，成品就越细

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最细的砂砾大小 几乎只有显微镜看得出来

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为了找出粗研磨粒成形的状况

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他们让它漏入一个杯中

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然后称出颗粒的重量

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越重表示颗粒堆叠越密集

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因此形状较钝：边缘较不锋利

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比较轻则表示它们形状较平而不锋利

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他们为最小的砂砾进行不同的测试

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他们让粒子悬浮在电解液中

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然后施加电荷

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这让他们能够计量及评估砂砾

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现在这些研磨粒 已经可以准备包装出货了

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制造它们是相当粗重的工作

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接下来，我们要到砂纸工厂去

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它们会在那里得到支持

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我们稍后将一探究竟

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制造砂纸需要很多砂砾

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光是一直砂纸上就有数以千计的小研磨颗粒

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其概念就是要产生摩擦

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用它来摩擦木材或者金属

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你就能去除缺陷 使东西表面有漂亮甜外观

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这实在有点讽刺，这么粗罐的东西

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却能使物品看来如此平滑有光泽

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砂纸通常根本不是用纸制成

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而是用纺织品，像化纤棉

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他们将布料解开 放入附有印刷机的机器里

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以磁性吸附着橡胶印刷头的滚筒

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将产品资讯印到布料上

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布料接着通过印刷机底下

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更多的滚筒将热固性胶 涂到没有印刷过的那一面上

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他们量测涂布层的密度 使用一套电脑化系统

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这可以确认涂布是否正确

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接着布料被拉到底下的静电区

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这里的环境维持在高温高湿

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很适合以静电方式 让研磨粒附着到布料上

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他们将颗粒倒到区里的输送带上

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输送带把颗粒送到滚动的布料下方

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并且位于电极和接地板之间

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他们创造出一个电场 它会触发一场小型的砂暴

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一飞到空中

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研磨粒就黏附到涂胶的布料上

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并且牢牢嵌在其中

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这个静电系统

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让颗粒可以均匀地分布在布料上

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涂布颗粒的布料现在卷出静电区

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回到上一个楼层

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一名技术员割取砂纸的样品

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剥开颗粒层，并裁出三种不同样品

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一种只有布料

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另一种有布料及涂胶层

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第三种是颗粒及涂胶布料

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他将每个样品称重

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以确认砂纸确实有依规格精确制作

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他也用显微镜检查颗粒面

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以确认颗粒都均匀地分布

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这批产品得到认可了

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因此他们让砂纸通过91公尺长的烤炉

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它有三个不同的加热区

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每个温度都比上一个高

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渐增的温度将颗粒烤入胶层里

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砂纸现在够粗糙了

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但尚未完成

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在下一个步骤中

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他们在颗粒面涂上一层树脂

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让颗粒与基材紧密结合

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把树脂烘烤到表面土之后

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他们把大型的砂纸卷储存到仓库

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直到可以裁切成适当尺寸的时候

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他们把一些砂纸卷切成大片

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这些将会做成商用砂磨带

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被用于重型制造业

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另一部机器压出砂磨圆盘

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而正这一站

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他们同时打开四个砂纸卷送入一部机器

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机器一次把四张砂纸切成小长方形

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这些长方形砂纸不会用来砂磨

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而是要当作滑板的止滑带

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不管你是滑板客…

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杂务工，或两者都是

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砂纸都能带给你好处

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真正不容易的是为手边的工作 选择适当粗细的颗粒

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否则你可能会发现自己陷入窘境