1
00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:22,522
制造的原理

2
00:00:23,295 --> 00:00:25,771
在本集“制造的原理”中

3
00:00:26,525 --> 00:00:28,327
迷你大满贯赛机车

4
00:00:32,732 --> 00:00:33,933
无花果饼干

5
00:00:38,337 --> 00:00:39,638
工具箱

6
00:00:43,942 --> 00:00:45,344
以及弯管

7
00:00:46,942 --> 00:00:52,344
================
记录片之家倾情奉献
Http://www.jlpzj.net/
本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途
=====================
摘  订  : gblim

8
00:00:54,353 --> 00:00:56,556
它们叫做迷你大满贯赛机车

9
00:00:56,655 --> 00:00:59,559
这种小型机车的设计

10
00:00:59,659 --> 00:01:03,248
跟大满贯赛中
使用的正常尺寸机车相同

11
00:01:04,724 --> 00:01:08,281
迷你大满贯赛机车
是为9到12岁的孩子设计

12
00:01:08,445 --> 00:01:11,183
他们期盼有朝一日能骑大型机车参赛

13
00:01:17,577 --> 00:01:21,298
可达到时速130公里

14
00:01:25,485 --> 00:01:27,786
它的底盘是由钢管构成

15
00:01:27,786 --> 00:01:29,807
上面装了把手

16
00:01:29,872 --> 00:01:31,709
以及离合器和煞车杆

17
00:01:33,492 --> 00:01:37,036
工人在底盘前方和后方
都装上一组车叉

18
00:01:37,233 --> 00:01:39,598
然后他斗在底盘双叉之间

19
00:01:39,698 --> 00:01:41,401
安装减震筒

20
00:01:47,706 --> 00:01:51,110
他们使用钢销
在每组车叉上安装一颗轮子

21
00:01:51,824 --> 00:01:54,431
中央的黑色圆圈是煞车碟盘

22
00:01:57,917 --> 00:02:01,221
接下来在每颗车轮上安装煞车卡钳

23
00:02:01,382 --> 00:02:03,122
当骑士施加煞车时

24
00:02:03,530 --> 00:02:06,626
卡钳卡住煞车碟盘,使轮子固定不动

25
00:02:07,827 --> 00:02:10,661
现在机械师开始组装引擎体

26
00:02:11,399 --> 00:02:14,038
他们使用特殊工具装设轴承

27
00:02:14,104 --> 00:02:16,268
使得齿轴能够转动

28
00:02:22,041 --> 00:02:23,742
引擎有六档

29
00:02:24,039 --> 00:02:27,220
每一档都由好几枚钢铁齿轮构成

30
00:02:28,236 --> 00:02:29,957
它们装在变速箱里

31
00:02:31,551 --> 00:02:33,613
接下来是排档杆

32
00:02:34,154 --> 00:02:36,256
它将齿轮连接到变速踏板

33
00:02:36,356 --> 00:02:38,040
由骑士用脚来操纵

34
00:02:40,559 --> 00:02:42,810
接下来安装曲轴

35
00:02:43,162 --> 00:02:47,204
燃烧循环使曲轴旋转
因而带动齿轮转动

36
00:02:48,868 --> 00:02:50,970
他们封住引擎的那一面

37
00:02:50,970 --> 00:02:53,893
然后组合安装连控轨道阀弹篑

38
00:02:54,574 --> 00:02:56,375
骑士选择其中一档时

39
00:02:56,475 --> 00:02:58,577
这根弹簧维持排档锁定

40
00:02:58,577 --> 00:03:00,582
直到骑士换档

41
00:03:03,382 --> 00:03:06,812
驱动轴被引擎转动后
透过这枚主动齿轮

42
00:03:06,959 --> 00:03:09,320
牵动链条,使后轮转动

43
00:03:11,271 --> 00:03:14,693
在引擎的另一边
他们组装主要耦合零件

44
00:03:14,943 --> 00:03:17,597
以及接到离合器的其他元件

45
00:03:17,597 --> 00:03:19,222
像是离合器压板

46
00:03:19,999 --> 00:03:23,002
以及停止和启动离合器运动的弹篑

47
00:03:31,567 --> 00:03:34,207
燃烧作用带动活塞上下运行时

48
00:03:34,413 --> 00:03:36,485
它会带动曲轴旋转

49
00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:40,720
主要耦合将动力传导到
变速箱和离合器

50
00:03:42,221 --> 00:03:44,273
这是具一汽缸引擎

51
00:03:44,423 --> 00:03:47,240
他们安装驱动曲轴的活塞

52
00:03:47,650 --> 00:03:49,732
然后把汽缸装在活塞上方

53
00:03:58,337 --> 00:04:00,651
他们用汽缸头封闭住汽缸

54
00:04:00,940 --> 00:04:03,896
然后装上点燃燃料混合物的火星塞

55
00:04:04,044 --> 00:04:05,831
带动活塞上下运行

56
00:04:06,845 --> 00:04:08,831
汽缸头盖关闭一切

57
00:04:10,449 --> 00:04:12,798
接下来安装点火系统

58
00:04:13,152 --> 00:04:16,750
它由两个磁铁组成,叫做转子和定子

59
00:04:17,156 --> 00:04:20,459
转子转动时会产生电荷

60
00:04:20,559 --> 00:04:22,161
点燃火星塞

61
00:04:25,264 --> 00:04:27,554
该是安装完工引擎的时候了

62
00:04:27,652 --> 00:04:31,193
他们把引擎装在底盘上
前后用支撑销锁住

63
00:04:37,751 --> 00:04:39,778
接下来安装水泵

64
00:04:39,878 --> 00:04:41,899
以避免引擎过热

65
00:04:42,281 --> 00:04:44,603
还有驱动水泵的皮带

66
00:04:47,086 --> 00:04:48,988
然后安装化油器

67
00:04:48,988 --> 00:04:50,890
它将进入引擎的燃料

68
00:04:50,990 --> 00:04:52,791
混合适当分量的空气

69
00:04:54,393 --> 00:04:56,653
下一步是安装空气滤清器

70
00:04:56,834 --> 00:04:59,588
它阻挡会堵塞引擎的残渣

71
00:05:00,699 --> 00:05:02,227
现在再装上排气管

72
00:05:02,407 --> 00:05:05,804
油箱,座位和整流罩

73
00:05:05,905 --> 00:05:08,507
即为骑士提供屏障的塑胶罩壳

74
00:05:08,607 --> 00:05:13,012
(七)

75
00:05:13,012 --> 00:05:14,914
最后元件是链条

76
00:05:15,014 --> 00:05:17,392
它连接驱动轴和后轮

77
00:05:25,524 --> 00:05:28,737
引擎转动驱动轴因而牵动链条

78
00:05:28,928 --> 00:05:30,819
使得后轮旋转

79
00:05:31,029 --> 00:05:33,932
(七)

80
00:05:39,338 --> 00:05:41,640
迷你大满贯赛机车有不同尺寸

81
00:05:41,868 --> 00:05:46,213
这款机车有50毫升的14马力引擎

82
00:05:46,545 --> 00:05:49,311
就小孩骑的机车来说相当强劲

83
00:06:01,020 --> 00:06:04,001
无花果饼干
是人生中的甜美秘密之一

84
00:06:04,427 --> 00:06:06,325
谁没想过他们是如何把无花果

85
00:06:06,425 --> 00:06:08,231
装进看似没接缝的酥皮卷?

86
00:06:08,526 --> 00:06:12,131
原来烹调无花果饼干的自动系统

87
00:06:12,263 --> 00:06:14,853
其实可追溯到1891年

88
00:06:15,149 --> 00:06:18,395
它就是使无花果饼干
在零食界大为成功的原因

89
00:06:24,559 --> 00:06:27,166
无花果饼干是利用现代方法来包装

90
00:06:27,215 --> 00:06:29,608
一种人们已经吃了几千年的水果

91
00:06:32,651 --> 00:06:34,754
制造无花果饼干的酥皮卷

92
00:06:34,756 --> 00:06:38,593
从成袋的糖开始
工人把它们倒进大混合机

93
00:06:40,068 --> 00:06:42,761
接着是几桶玉米糖浆

94
00:06:44,151 --> 00:06:46,577
然后他们加入一种乳化剂
叫做卵磷脂

95
00:06:46,905 --> 00:06:48,921
与一些香草香料

96
00:06:51,528 --> 00:06:54,173
大盆倾斜,迅速搅拌一下

97
00:06:56,175 --> 00:07:00,791
工人将有机高筋面粉和膨松剂
加入混合材料中

98
00:07:02,627 --> 00:07:04,987
他们重新启动搅拌机混合所有食材

99
00:07:05,069 --> 00:07:07,119
做成浓稠黏腻的面糊

100
00:07:09,644 --> 00:07:13,893
一旦混合恰当
他们将面糊倒进大型储料槽

101
00:07:18,497 --> 00:07:20,899
在此同时,他们处理无花果馅料

102
00:07:21,086 --> 00:07:24,496
工人把结成大块的无花果
加进混合机

103
00:07:25,004 --> 00:07:27,306
然后加入大量压碎的饼干

104
00:07:27,406 --> 00:07:29,308
调整质地和风味

105
00:07:35,513 --> 00:07:37,416
他们混合这两种食材

106
00:07:37,516 --> 00:07:41,563
再倒入玉米糖浆,增添湿度和甜度

107
00:07:41,826 --> 00:07:45,524
他们加了点盐,再次简单混合

108
00:07:47,662 --> 00:07:51,330
他们添加许多糖
使无花果混合馅料更甜

109
00:07:52,631 --> 00:07:56,023
现在无花果饼干中央的果酱完成了

110
00:07:59,037 --> 00:08:03,367
无花果果酱和酥皮现在卡好位
准备结合

111
00:08:03,908 --> 00:08:05,416
这是种巧妙招式

112
00:08:05,449 --> 00:08:08,466
由一种特别的装备促成

113
00:08:11,450 --> 00:08:14,171
它基本上像是漏斗里套着漏斗

114
00:08:14,942 --> 00:08:17,757
滚子搓动果酱穿越内层漏斗

115
00:08:17,857 --> 00:08:20,259
同时推动酥皮通过外层漏斗

116
00:08:20,582 --> 00:08:24,162
使得无花果馅料
被包在无缝的酥皮外衣里

117
00:08:30,469 --> 00:08:32,336
这是作业进行时的模样

118
00:08:32,470 --> 00:08:35,845
这套系统生产
许多充满无花果馅料的长条面团

119
00:08:37,276 --> 00:08:40,179
他们就是这样把无花果果酱加进酥皮

120
00:08:45,484 --> 00:08:48,108
接下来,一位技师在面团上刻划

121
00:08:48,239 --> 00:08:50,845
拿走几块没烤过的无花果饼干

122
00:08:54,599 --> 00:08:56,304
现在要来秤重

123
00:08:57,296 --> 00:08:59,398
这是为了证实这批无花果饼干

124
00:08:59,498 --> 00:09:01,600
大小将正确无误

125
00:09:03,453 --> 00:09:06,698
现在将它送进比保龄球道更长的烤箱

126
00:09:07,308 --> 00:09:10,682
它烘烤无花果馅料的长条面团
使它变成金棕色

127
00:09:19,318 --> 00:09:21,921
接着滚子压缩烤过的饼干

128
00:09:22,021 --> 00:09:24,122
它们待会才装得进包装

129
00:09:26,125 --> 00:09:30,328
一种超音波频率振动刀片
使它切得干净俐落

130
00:09:30,428 --> 00:09:34,438
把加了无花果馅料的长条酥皮
切割成饼干

131
00:09:35,234 --> 00:09:38,093
无花果饼干遗留有烘烤时的余温

132
00:09:38,237 --> 00:09:41,093
所以把它们送进冷冻库冷却

133
00:09:41,372 --> 00:09:45,012
这种冷却避免包装后
水分凝结的问题

134
00:09:45,176 --> 00:09:46,745
阻止霉菌生长

135
00:09:50,349 --> 00:09:53,552
在冷冻库里走一遭
也使得无花果饼干硬化

136
00:09:53,652 --> 00:09:56,455
它们在运送过程中较不易碎裂

137
00:10:01,460 --> 00:10:06,165
工人在装盒时
检查每块无花果饼干是否有残缺

138
00:10:06,265 --> 00:10:08,668
这批饼干没有一块遭到退货

139
00:10:16,074 --> 00:10:20,479
下一步是包装
由一部机器把零食封装成盒

140
00:10:21,681 --> 00:10:25,684
它将装满无花果饼干的盒子
通过金属薄膜

141
00:10:31,063 --> 00:10:35,494
最后旋转夹在两端加热封住包装

142
00:10:42,916 --> 00:10:46,490
这包无花果饼干
制造时间大概花了一小时

143
00:10:46,736 --> 00:10:49,107
现在点心时间到了

144
00:10:49,326 --> 00:10:53,163
假如大家很饥饿
整包也许几分钟就被吃完

145
00:10:53,442 --> 00:10:54,713
但饼干就是这样消耗的

146
00:10:54,813 --> 00:10:56,315
(低脂无花果纽曼牌饼干)

147
00:10:56,415 --> 00:10:58,671
(无脂无花果纽曼牌饼干)

148
00:11:00,868 --> 00:11:03,362
规规矩矩地思考也可能是好事

149
00:11:03,462 --> 00:11:05,564
假如你想整理工具的话

150
00:11:05,664 --> 00:11:08,459
我们指的当然是工具箱

151
00:11:08,667 --> 00:11:10,970
适切的工具储藏使得各种工作场所

152
00:11:11,070 --> 00:11:13,033
都能运作得顺畅有效率

153
00:11:13,273 --> 00:11:16,459
今天可以对这项概念大肆发挥

154
00:11:16,672 --> 00:11:19,722
为机械师和其他专业人员
特别设计工具箱组

155
00:11:24,869 --> 00:11:26,738
有了专业的工具箱

156
00:11:26,869 --> 00:11:30,000
你永远不必到处翻找你所需要的工具

157
00:11:30,558 --> 00:11:32,451
几乎任何东西都有地方能储放

158
00:11:32,551 --> 00:11:34,653
在这种巨大的工具柜里

159
00:11:38,057 --> 00:11:40,860
开始时使用的是一卷重型钢材

160
00:11:41,861 --> 00:11:43,542
摊开它后送入冲床

161
00:11:43,804 --> 00:11:45,739
把金属材切割成钢板

162
00:11:45,903 --> 00:11:48,412
冲压出洞来供日后组装使用

163
00:11:52,071 --> 00:11:55,774
每张钢板都会变成工具箱的抽屉

164
00:11:59,178 --> 00:12:02,527
他们将钢板送进自动弯曲机

165
00:12:02,871 --> 00:12:04,883
机器把钢板的三边折起来

166
00:12:05,265 --> 00:12:07,486
构成抽屉的背部和侧面

167
00:12:11,490 --> 00:12:13,593
它也将边缘折起来

168
00:12:13,693 --> 00:12:17,296
这使得抽屉强度更高
也带来平滑边缘

169
00:12:21,901 --> 00:12:25,004
组装工把前方面板插进抽屉

170
00:12:25,104 --> 00:12:28,233
然后自动焊枪强化接缝

171
00:12:28,348 --> 00:12:30,791
固定住锁头机制的零件

172
00:12:34,913 --> 00:12:36,815
为了打造工具箱的柜子

173
00:12:36,889 --> 00:12:41,020
工人在背部壁面
安排加强材和格栅的位置

174
00:12:44,022 --> 00:12:48,127
然后送它去电脑化的焊枪

175
00:12:48,227 --> 00:12:51,791
这些焊枪把加强材和格栅
焊在板子上

176
00:12:52,595 --> 00:12:57,035
每个部位都受到多点焊接
以确保该组柜子坚固耐用

177
00:12:59,136 --> 00:13:01,809
接下来是柜子侧面的壁板

178
00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:03,942
工人用支柱把它们架起来

179
00:13:04,169 --> 00:13:06,545
同时将这些面板焊在背板上

180
00:13:11,399 --> 00:13:14,953
工具箱侧面竖立好后,他们安装顶板

181
00:13:19,458 --> 00:13:22,974
他们把柜子转过来
从有开口的前方施工

182
00:13:23,138 --> 00:13:25,695
把锁定杆推进位置

183
00:13:29,433 --> 00:13:31,269
然后他们打造前方骨架

184
00:13:31,466 --> 00:13:34,531
在支撑格栅上焊接抽屉用的突起

185
00:13:37,697 --> 00:13:40,199
他们在柜子底部加装钢板

186
00:13:40,299 --> 00:13:42,401
再把周围全部焊接起来

187
00:13:47,186 --> 00:13:48,888
现在把它送进喷漆室

188
00:13:48,959 --> 00:13:52,591
喷漆枪在所有地方喷上一层粉末涂料

189
00:13:53,692 --> 00:13:56,294
这种漆很耐用,能抗溶剂

190
00:13:56,395 --> 00:13:59,698
让工具箱在车库环境里
耐得住油料渗漏

191
00:14:05,704 --> 00:14:09,501
他们在柜子前方
安装剩下的锁头机制

192
00:14:10,609 --> 00:14:15,114
接着使用导引器
把背面有黏性的商标施压贴到定位

193
00:14:18,217 --> 00:14:22,521
他们现在将抽屉滑轨
塞进柜子侧面壁板上的洞

194
00:14:24,723 --> 00:14:27,326
这些滑轨装了滚子轴承

195
00:14:27,426 --> 00:14:30,419
让抽屉能平顺地开关

196
00:14:35,434 --> 00:14:38,813
他们在此用上先前在抽屉上打的洞

197
00:14:41,340 --> 00:14:44,732
轻巧的一声,抽屉就卡在滑轨上了

198
00:14:50,349 --> 00:14:52,451
抽屉有多种不同尺寸

199
00:14:52,551 --> 00:14:55,254
以配合不同规格的工具

200
00:14:58,056 --> 00:15:01,831
浅层格子摆放扳手和螺丝起子

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00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:05,564
较大的格子则是为大型动力工具所设

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00:15:12,771 --> 00:15:17,209
工人现在把大型工具柜
包上塑胶和纸板

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00:15:19,878 --> 00:15:22,684
但是工作还没大功告成

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00:15:23,045 --> 00:15:24,884
他们把这组工具箱放倒成侧面

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00:15:24,886 --> 00:15:27,486
送往生产线装轮子

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00:15:28,487 --> 00:15:31,990
预先包装能防止过程中
造成凹痕和刮伤

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00:15:34,293 --> 00:15:37,685
工人在工具柜各个角落拴上脚轮

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00:15:37,783 --> 00:15:40,325
使它可以轻易轻松推动

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00:15:40,407 --> 00:15:42,325
像是在车库或其他工作地点

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能为这种工具柜购买额外装置

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使得储物的可能性几乎无穷尽

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00:15:49,908 --> 00:15:52,010
那是种很有条理的方式

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你无法破坏它

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天然气和原油

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00:16:09,368 --> 00:16:13,072
经由地底和海底管线输往全世界

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00:16:13,172 --> 00:16:16,475
这种耐用的管子在制造时是做成直的

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00:16:16,477 --> 00:16:20,078
但是管线的路径
当然不会永远呈直线

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00:16:20,146 --> 00:16:22,380
所以每个转弯或是高度变化

219
00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:24,883
都需要有一段弯折过的管子

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00:16:29,786 --> 00:16:32,458
这间工厂专门弯折网管

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00:16:32,606 --> 00:16:35,193
它们原本生产出来时都是直的

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00:16:37,033 --> 00:16:39,598
一段管子通常是12公尺长

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可重达20公吨

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所以工人使用起重机移动它
前往各个施工手续

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00:16:49,808 --> 00:16:53,558
第一步是用喷砂机来清理管子

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为了将它适当加热弯折

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00:16:59,656 --> 00:17:02,247
表面必须干净均匀

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00:17:02,521 --> 00:17:04,922
但是管子抵达工厂时通常很肮脏

229
00:17:05,132 --> 00:17:09,728
上面还涂着一层清漆
以避免运输和储藏时发生锈蚀

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喷砂机用高压喷出细小的钢砂
持续大约一小时

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00:17:19,938 --> 00:17:23,441
管子出来时,表面变得干净平滑

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00:17:26,117 --> 00:17:28,447
从喷砂机送往弯管机

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它会把管子加热到大约摄氏一千度

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然后进行弯曲

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00:17:35,754 --> 00:17:39,068
一名技师安装感应加热线圈

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00:17:39,557 --> 00:17:42,861
感应式加热使得温度控制更佳

237
00:17:42,863 --> 00:17:45,863
这是保持钢材品质的关键

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00:17:47,465 --> 00:17:49,741
线圈没有实际碰到管子

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00:17:49,856 --> 00:17:52,085
因为那会造成短路

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00:17:53,372 --> 00:17:57,075
下一步在管子一端夹上曲臂

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然后对线圈通电

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这会产生磁场,造成强大热能

243
00:18:04,512 --> 00:18:07,485
冷水柱限制热只分布在目标区

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00:18:11,201 --> 00:18:13,491
在技师监视与测量的同时

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00:18:13,591 --> 00:18:17,677
曲臂拉动管子
以特定速度通过加热线圈

246
00:18:17,988 --> 00:18:20,899
将软化的钢管雕塑出相同角度

247
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,803
水以受到控制的速率冷却管子

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00:18:24,903 --> 00:18:26,804
这种流程叫做淬火

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他们必须精确地控制加热和冷却

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否则钢材可能被弱化

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管子离开弯管机后

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工人再次确认角度

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他们也确认管子的口径

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00:18:50,039 --> 00:18:53,089
以确保弯管过程没造成扭曲

255
00:18:58,236 --> 00:19:02,241
现在他们切除直线末端
只留下弯曲的部位

256
00:19:16,755 --> 00:19:19,658
接下来管子送入电炉进行回火

257
00:19:20,074 --> 00:19:22,761
十小时重新加热与冷却的循环

258
00:19:23,057 --> 00:19:26,566
这是为了纾解在弯管流程中
对钢铁造成的压力

259
00:19:29,549 --> 00:19:30,869
回火以后

260
00:19:30,969 --> 00:19:34,845
要用在水底的管子会进行第二次淬火

261
00:19:35,476 --> 00:19:37,845
这使钢铁有适当的性质

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00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:40,378
能承受深海海水的压力

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00:19:43,681 --> 00:19:46,084
然后运用超音波尺规

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00:19:46,387 --> 00:19:48,787
工人测量管壁厚度

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00:19:49,026 --> 00:19:50,789
那在弯管时会改变

266
00:19:53,992 --> 00:19:56,495
前往喷砂机再次清理后

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00:19:56,595 --> 00:19:57,996
工人喷上一种液体

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00:19:58,096 --> 00:20:02,600
以突显出弯管时可能造成的
最细微表面裂痕

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00:20:03,001 --> 00:20:05,703
假如他们发现裂痕就会将管子报废

270
00:20:09,436 --> 00:20:10,808
但是瑕疵品很少见

271
00:20:11,010 --> 00:20:15,388
因为工厂会先对管子样品
进行弯管手续测试

272
00:20:15,634 --> 00:20:19,017
然后拿那些样品进行一连串测试

273
00:20:20,536 --> 00:20:23,224
实验室测量尺寸和管壁厚度

274
00:20:23,372 --> 00:20:26,024
然后测试样品能支持多少重量

275
00:20:26,124 --> 00:20:27,258
最后才会解体

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00:20:27,627 --> 00:20:31,029
以及能承受延长到什么程度才会断裂

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回到工厂,管子接受另一次喷砂

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00:20:44,044 --> 00:20:47,145
然后工人对它加热喷上一层保护漆

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00:20:47,245 --> 00:20:48,783
预防它的锈蚀

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00:20:49,049 --> 00:20:51,324
漆会在热管子上熔化

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00:20:52,350 --> 00:20:56,882
一旦管子冷却,他们压印上技术规格

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然后这些弯管就可送往
跟笔直的管子接合

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翻译:sdi  media