1
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制造的原理

2
00:00:22,771 --> 00:00:25,623
在本集“制造的原理”中

3
00:00:26,259 --> 00:00:27,907
冲浪板

4
00:00:32,050 --> 00:00:33,613
贴纸

5
00:00:37,444 --> 00:00:39,181
夹心饼干

6
00:00:43,132 --> 00:00:44,689
以及混凝土屋瓦

7
00:00:46,706 --> 00:00:52,051
================
记录片之家倾情奉献
Http://www.jlpzj.net/
本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途
=====================
摘  订  : gblim

8
00:00:52,932 --> 00:00:55,735
冲浪是古老的玻里尼西亚休闲活动

9
00:00:55,835 --> 00:00:59,138
最先是由欧洲人记录于18世纪

10
00:00:59,342 --> 00:01:04,199
在1920年代,冲浪运动
从夏威夷延烧到加州海滩

11
00:01:04,756 --> 00:01:07,546
当时的冲浪板是用硬木做成

12
00:01:07,838 --> 00:01:10,950
现今则是用轻质合成材料

13
00:01:15,754 --> 00:01:18,757
热衷冲浪的玩家
会特别订制他们的冲浪板

14
00:01:18,858 --> 00:01:21,544
并依他们即将面临的浪涛作设计

15
00:01:22,462 --> 00:01:25,511
冲浪板核心是一片聚氨酯泡绵

16
00:01:25,721 --> 00:01:27,560
中间加上木条

17
00:01:28,868 --> 00:01:31,709
工厂的塑型专家会检视板子

18
00:01:31,905 --> 00:01:34,273
并检查泡绵是否有缺陷

19
00:01:34,974 --> 00:01:38,077
如果一切妥当
他会把板子切成适当长度

20
00:01:39,679 --> 00:01:43,660
然后他会从资料库选择冲浪板模板
并描绘轮廓

21
00:01:46,037 --> 00:01:48,187
他沿着铅笔线条锯板子

22
00:01:55,394 --> 00:02:00,497
他用刨机将这块冲浪板雏型
磨成顾客要求的规格

23
00:02:07,907 --> 00:02:11,547
当他完成时
他会检查一切是否有对称

24
00:02:15,214 --> 00:02:17,216
接下来他会塑造边缘

25
00:02:22,268 --> 00:02:26,154
他利用电动砂磨机将表面磨到平滑

26
00:02:26,526 --> 00:02:29,028
再以手工进行细部磨砂

27
00:02:30,129 --> 00:02:34,534
在把泡绵核心送往下一部门前
他会检查规格

28
00:02:34,990 --> 00:02:38,538
包括厚度,外形和平滑程度

29
00:02:46,245 --> 00:02:48,648
层压专家为冲浪板作预先处理

30
00:02:48,748 --> 00:02:51,106
准备铺上第一层玻璃纤维

31
00:02:51,851 --> 00:02:53,852
他覆盖上方的冲浪板面

32
00:02:53,952 --> 00:02:56,956
防止板面沾上他即将涂在底部的树脂

33
00:02:57,857 --> 00:03:00,159
他铺下第一层玻璃纤维布

34
00:03:00,352 --> 00:03:03,162
并在边缘预留八公分

35
00:03:06,845 --> 00:03:11,571
接着他把已染成
顾客订购颜色的聚酯树脂

36
00:03:11,671 --> 00:03:13,673
涂满玻璃织维布

37
00:03:16,435 --> 00:03:18,978
他把预留部分折到板面上

38
00:03:21,222 --> 00:03:23,082
并把角落磨平

39
00:03:24,124 --> 00:03:27,687
他把板子翻面,浪板面朝上
并修整重迭部分

40
00:03:29,370 --> 00:03:32,591
接着他在板面上覆盖两层玻璃纤维

41
00:03:34,010 --> 00:03:37,272
他在两层玻璃纤维之间
淋上透明聚酩树脂

42
00:03:38,469 --> 00:03:41,800
并放上印有公司商标的米纸

43
00:03:42,289 --> 00:03:45,004
树脂会浸湿米纸并固定商标

44
00:03:49,909 --> 00:03:53,112
然后再铺一层涂满树脂的玻璃纤维

45
00:03:55,535 --> 00:04:00,319
当它风干时
他会在冲浪板两面涂上另一层树脂

46
00:04:02,221 --> 00:04:07,126
他用起槽机和模板
切出安装尾舵槽的洞孔

47
00:04:13,241 --> 00:04:17,836
他在里面倒满黑色树脂
再安装尾舵槽

48
00:04:29,348 --> 00:04:31,750
现在要由磨砂专家接手

49
00:04:31,951 --> 00:04:35,955
他将尾舵槽磨到和板子齐平
打开插入尾舵的开口

50
00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,964
然后他为冲浪板进行全面磨砂
将表面磨到平滑

51
00:04:48,669 --> 00:04:50,769
下一站是彩绘室

52
00:04:51,259 --> 00:04:54,373
彩绘师用遮蔽胶带和压克力颜料笔

53
00:04:54,473 --> 00:04:57,276
在冲浪板上画上黑色线条装饰

54
00:04:58,473 --> 00:05:03,030
等它们风干后
他覆盖部分冲浪板并喷上白色线条

55
00:05:04,932 --> 00:05:09,288
当喷漆风干
他会在整块板子上涂上最后一层树脂

56
00:05:16,295 --> 00:05:18,949
现在要交给抛光专家

57
00:05:19,326 --> 00:05:23,803
经过细致磨砂后
他用抛光剂磨光整块板子

58
00:05:23,903 --> 00:05:26,406
形成平滑又充满光泽的表面

59
00:05:30,710 --> 00:05:33,409
工厂将冲浪板送至冲浪商店

60
00:05:33,556 --> 00:05:37,164
在那里,顾客能从丰富种类中
选择想要的尾舵

61
00:05:38,934 --> 00:05:41,032
尾舵会锁进尾舵槽内

62
00:05:41,475 --> 00:05:44,557
然后这块冲浪板就能下海了

63
00:06:00,164 --> 00:06:02,738
贴纸在行销界有悠久的历史

64
00:06:03,656 --> 00:06:05,358
但在1979年

65
00:06:05,558 --> 00:06:09,394
装师贴纸的出现
使贴纸有了奇妙的转变

66
00:06:10,463 --> 00:06:12,788
贴纸艺术很快就成了热门嗜好

67
00:06:13,017 --> 00:06:16,575
让任何人都能参与创意装饰

68
00:06:23,276 --> 00:06:27,034
贴纸可用来美化卡片,相簿

69
00:06:27,482 --> 00:06:30,383
或为任何设计增添装饰

70
00:06:33,586 --> 00:06:36,183
每张贴纸都是从艺术图案开始

71
00:06:37,773 --> 00:06:40,593
艺术家把图像转到电脑上

72
00:06:40,693 --> 00:06:43,896
再将它调整到想要的效果

73
00:06:49,502 --> 00:06:53,823
接着要把一张光聚合薄膜放上曝光机

74
00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:59,774
技师将图案负片放在光聚合薄膜上

75
00:07:00,741 --> 00:07:04,807
他在两者上方铺上塑胶膜
再盖上曝光机

76
00:07:05,315 --> 00:07:09,151
在内部
真空机将负片拉向光聚合薄膜

77
00:07:09,622 --> 00:07:14,727
强烈紫外线在短短几秒内
就把图案转印到光聚合薄膜上

78
00:07:19,732 --> 00:07:22,535
他会制作好几张光聚合印刷板

79
00:07:22,726 --> 00:07:25,438
每张上面都有原始图案的不同变化

80
00:07:25,738 --> 00:07:28,541
它们会被用来表现
不同层次的图案与色彩

81
00:07:28,776 --> 00:07:30,343
在他们能印刷前

82
00:07:30,345 --> 00:07:33,146
他们必须让图案更明显

83
00:07:34,054 --> 00:07:37,850
这台机器会利用特殊化学药剂
和工业用刷

84
00:07:37,950 --> 00:07:41,071
移除转印图案周围的材料

85
00:07:44,857 --> 00:07:47,860
由于图案在曝光过程中会变硬

86
00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:50,262
所以能承受化学药剂和磨损

87
00:07:52,826 --> 00:07:56,826
此过程使图案在透明背景上
显得更突出

88
00:07:57,007 --> 00:07:58,843
并准备进行印刷

89
00:08:02,775 --> 00:08:05,351
他们把印刷板绕上滚筒

90
00:08:07,379 --> 00:08:11,184
印刷操作员用放大镜检查缝隙

91
00:08:11,284 --> 00:08:13,886
确定边缘有完全对齐

92
00:08:17,490 --> 00:08:20,092
他把滚筒装进印刷机

93
00:08:22,795 --> 00:08:25,811
然后在下方的颜料槽中倒进黄色墨水

94
00:08:25,942 --> 00:08:28,401
现在要启动印刷机

95
00:08:30,188 --> 00:08:33,107
滚子把墨水沾上印刷滚筒

96
00:08:33,189 --> 00:08:36,320
并将图案印上背面带有黏性的贴纸

97
00:08:39,550 --> 00:08:44,500
每种颜色会用不同的印刷板
创造图案变化

98
00:08:45,287 --> 00:08:48,921
最后每颗心看来都不一样

99
00:08:50,623 --> 00:08:53,226
重点就是创造不同层次的色彩和图案

100
00:08:53,326 --> 00:08:55,944
让贴纸艺术家有丰富的选择

101
00:09:02,387 --> 00:09:05,289
接下来印刷操作员要准备裁切滚筒

102
00:09:05,737 --> 00:09:10,643
它会沿着图案周围切割
但只会切断贴纸上层

103
00:09:12,944 --> 00:09:18,051
滚子会拉走周围材料并送去回收

104
00:09:22,486 --> 00:09:24,929
上面只留下贴纸

105
00:09:25,076 --> 00:09:27,765
但它们还没完全准备好

106
00:09:28,060 --> 00:09:32,565
现在要来到另一台压制机
将箔纸热压到图案上

107
00:09:34,274 --> 00:09:36,782
此过程经过仔细编排

108
00:09:37,093 --> 00:09:41,874
压制机的感应器会侦测
将要加上金属光泽的心型贴纸

109
00:09:42,192 --> 00:09:46,602
那些贴纸会有闪亮漩涡
光滑线条和其他装饰

110
00:09:46,701 --> 00:09:48,864
别的贴纸则保持原貌

111
00:09:57,690 --> 00:10:00,693
下一台机器会把贴纸裁成多张

112
00:10:03,914 --> 00:10:06,098
然后来到包装机

113
00:10:06,291 --> 00:10:09,201
操作员会把贴纸放进送料斗

114
00:10:12,204 --> 00:10:14,907
装有握爪的滚轮会搜集贴纸

115
00:10:15,007 --> 00:10:18,110
一次将两张贴纸放上背卡

116
00:10:19,511 --> 00:10:23,315
然后包装机会用塑胶膜套好贴纸

117
00:10:23,415 --> 00:10:26,118
再用静电荷封好包装

118
00:10:32,725 --> 00:10:36,030
然后热刀会切割并密封两端

119
00:10:39,932 --> 00:10:44,015
说到贴纸设计,选择非常丰富

120
00:10:44,113 --> 00:10:48,933
给各年龄层的贴纸艺术家
多种表达自己的方式

121
00:11:04,601 --> 00:11:06,303
20世纪早期

122
00:11:06,403 --> 00:11:09,706
一家美国饼干公司推出了夹心饼干

123
00:11:09,907 --> 00:11:13,442
那是两片巧克力饼干
中间夹着浓郁的香草糖霜

124
00:11:13,557 --> 00:11:16,213
这立刻引起矗动

125
00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:19,516
将近一世纪过后它依然备受欢迎

126
00:11:19,616 --> 00:11:23,902
人们仍渴望吃到酥脆饼干
和糖霜的甜蜜结合

127
00:11:27,607 --> 00:11:30,902
把夹心饼干沾牛奶吃是美味的传统

128
00:11:31,181 --> 00:11:34,673
发起这吃法的人肯定很聪明

129
00:11:37,706 --> 00:11:40,937
夹心饼干是从白砂糖开始做起

130
00:11:42,139 --> 00:11:44,804
这名工人将大量砂糖倒进混合机

131
00:11:44,936 --> 00:11:47,544
准备调制饼干面糊

132
00:11:49,747 --> 00:11:51,649
他加进两种可可粉

133
00:11:51,749 --> 00:11:55,690
这组合会给饼干理想的味道和颜色

134
00:11:57,723 --> 00:12:00,806
接着要加入预先混合的盐和其他食材

135
00:12:01,858 --> 00:12:07,464
特别调制的葵花籽油混合物
会把这些干燥食材变成面糊

136
00:12:07,724 --> 00:12:10,576
大型打浆机会混合所有食材

137
00:12:12,987 --> 00:12:14,070
他们会加水

138
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,446
面棚开始变得像冒泡的巧克力汤

139
00:12:21,879 --> 00:12:25,983
他们加进干冰
干冰蒸发时能冷却面糊

140
00:12:26,784 --> 00:12:31,689
关键是在他们加入面粉
把面糊变成面团时保持低温

141
00:12:32,690 --> 00:12:37,394
要是面团保持室温
饼干就不会如此酥脆

142
00:12:38,896 --> 00:12:41,998
接着要加入预先混合的发酵材料

143
00:12:44,332 --> 00:12:47,804
进行最后一次搅拌
这批巧克力面团就大功告成

144
00:12:48,939 --> 00:12:51,108
工人将面团铲到炉栅上

145
00:12:51,208 --> 00:12:52,759
那能保护他的手指

146
00:12:52,890 --> 00:12:55,399
当他把面团压进造模机

147
00:13:00,972 --> 00:13:03,720
这台机器会把面团压成饼干

148
00:13:03,820 --> 00:13:07,524
并压上精细复杂的设计和品牌

149
00:13:08,203 --> 00:13:12,285
一小时能压出
惊人的五千个巧克力饼干

150
00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:28,203
现在刚压好模的饼干
会从硅胶输送带移到钢铁输送带

151
00:13:32,349 --> 00:13:34,651
它会带饼干进入瓦斯烤箱

152
00:13:34,751 --> 00:13:39,335
它们会持续绕圈数分钟以平均受热

153
00:13:44,220 --> 00:13:48,465
之后风扇会把饼干吹凉到理想脆度

154
00:13:51,568 --> 00:13:54,270
然后巧克力饼干会移到另一条输送带

155
00:13:54,336 --> 00:13:56,549
进而分成好几条输送道

156
00:14:04,180 --> 00:14:09,086
饼干会经过特殊斜坡
让饼干落入特定姿势

157
00:14:11,488 --> 00:14:13,691
一条饼干是空白面朝上

158
00:14:13,992 --> 00:14:16,593
另一条则是雕花面朝上

159
00:14:17,042 --> 00:14:20,998
稍后才能正确夹住糖霜馅料

160
00:14:27,504 --> 00:14:29,206
这是高速动作

161
00:14:29,306 --> 00:14:34,010
圆柱泵会在饼干空白面放置香草糖霜

162
00:14:44,218 --> 00:14:47,224
涂有糖霜的饼干前往下一站

163
00:14:48,823 --> 00:14:53,027
在这里,机器把上层饼干
放上涂有糖霜的饼干

164
00:14:59,434 --> 00:15:01,389
饼干会经过计数

165
00:15:01,848 --> 00:15:05,077
机器手指将它们分成每份11个

166
00:15:08,883 --> 00:15:12,766
然后握爪会把每份饼干向前堆

167
00:15:16,751 --> 00:15:19,979
它们把饼干整齐放入塑胶盒

168
00:15:27,832 --> 00:15:31,836
装满夹心饼干的盒子继续来到包装区

169
00:15:36,721 --> 00:15:40,325
在这里,展开的金属膜会包装塑胶盒

170
00:15:45,589 --> 00:15:48,792
热夹会密封包装的两端

171
00:15:50,949 --> 00:15:53,703
最后它们会被运往零售商

172
00:15:53,883 --> 00:15:56,480
然而当这些夹心饼干进了食物柜

173
00:15:56,580 --> 00:15:59,260
或许很快就会被拆封享用

174
00:16:10,822 --> 00:16:13,822
在温和气候区,屋顶上最常出现屋瓦

175
00:16:14,123 --> 00:16:17,325
屋瓦通常为圆形陶土色

176
00:16:17,490 --> 00:16:20,015
那是地中海建筑的特色

177
00:16:20,113 --> 00:16:21,930
材质是黏土或混凝土

178
00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:26,836
今日,混凝土屋瓦有许多颜色和款式

179
00:16:27,036 --> 00:16:29,137
从传统到当代应有尽有

180
00:16:33,672 --> 00:16:37,646
混凝土屋瓦能轻易取代
木头或沥青瓦片

181
00:16:37,926 --> 00:16:41,623
它们的寿命也更长超过50年

182
00:16:42,967 --> 00:16:47,787
屋瓦制造过程是从平滑天然砂开始

183
00:16:47,984 --> 00:16:51,804
混合来自粉碎岩石的粗砂

184
00:16:52,762 --> 00:16:56,869
工厂也会再次研磨
任何未通过品管的混凝士屋瓦

185
00:16:57,017 --> 00:16:58,984
并将它们加入混合

186
00:17:02,313 --> 00:17:04,952
技师会分析混合物成分

187
00:17:05,149 --> 00:17:08,376
测量湿度并评估含泥量

188
00:17:08,677 --> 00:17:11,080
过多泥沙会削弱混凝土

189
00:17:14,363 --> 00:17:17,674
他们把砂装进试管内摇晃
以测量含泥量

190
00:17:18,100 --> 00:17:20,088
较重的分子会沉到底下

191
00:17:20,288 --> 00:17:22,891
水分在上方,泥沙则在中间

192
00:17:23,346 --> 00:17:26,293
含泥量绝不能超过一成

193
00:17:30,872 --> 00:17:33,724
混合物会经过振动筛

194
00:17:33,839 --> 00:17:37,406
筛去大型物品,像是岩石和树枝

195
00:17:40,281 --> 00:17:43,391
制作混凝土必须混合砂和水泥

196
00:17:43,774 --> 00:17:48,817
水泥预拌车司机接上一根管子
将水泥注入超大水泥库

197
00:17:53,241 --> 00:17:58,873
输送系统会从水泥库
输出特定分量的水泥与砂混合

198
00:17:59,430 --> 00:18:02,151
精确比例正是关键

199
00:18:04,064 --> 00:18:06,561
屋瓦有多种颜色

200
00:18:06,873 --> 00:18:09,197
他们注入天然氧化铁颜料和水

201
00:18:09,365 --> 00:18:12,901
把混凝土染成特定颜色

202
00:18:19,027 --> 00:18:22,930
水泥螺旋器会搅拌所有材料
直到混合均匀

203
00:18:23,331 --> 00:18:26,645
现在混凝土已准备要塑成屋瓦

204
00:18:28,817 --> 00:18:32,120
这台机器在铝制模具上喷洒植物油

205
00:18:32,220 --> 00:18:35,123
这能让屋瓦成品轻易脱模

206
00:18:37,826 --> 00:18:40,728
混凝土会落入挤制机

207
00:18:40,828 --> 00:18:44,833
在通过的模具上持续挤出混凝土

208
00:18:48,236 --> 00:18:51,539
刀具下降将它切成屋瓦长度

209
00:18:51,728 --> 00:18:54,843
这是该过程的慢动作画面

210
00:18:55,220 --> 00:18:59,482
实际过程一分钟能生产110片屋瓦

211
00:19:01,949 --> 00:19:05,909
现在屋瓦会经过滚子,将边缘修整齐

212
00:19:10,532 --> 00:19:15,221
接着喷墨印刷机会印上产品讯息
以及日期和时间

213
00:19:18,466 --> 00:19:20,669
下一站是大型烤炉

214
00:19:21,169 --> 00:19:25,173
工厂会仔细控制内部温度和湿度

215
00:19:25,467 --> 00:19:28,276
好让混凝土适当干燥定型

216
00:19:29,878 --> 00:19:32,878
屋瓦的出炉时间视尺寸而定

217
00:19:33,042 --> 00:19:35,083
是在5到24小时过后

218
00:19:37,485 --> 00:19:41,189
自动分离机会为每片屋瓦脱模

219
00:19:41,590 --> 00:19:46,094
然后输送带会把空模具
送回去填装更多湿混凝土

220
00:19:48,296 --> 00:19:51,700
喷嘴在屋瓦上方喷洒密封漆

221
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,436
这会逼水分和钙质从底部释放

222
00:19:55,632 --> 00:19:58,706
防止屋瓦表面变色

223
00:20:02,617 --> 00:20:04,781
工人最后会目测检查

224
00:20:05,043 --> 00:20:07,916
移除任何带有裂痕或其他缺陷的压瓦

225
00:20:14,222 --> 00:20:18,486
自动设备叠起并捆绑36到39片

226
00:20:18,536 --> 00:20:20,629
形成一整套屋瓦

227
00:20:25,061 --> 00:20:29,405
工厂会随机采样进行严格的品管检驻

228
00:20:30,536 --> 00:20:31,717
包括强度

229
00:20:33,402 --> 00:20:34,704
渗透性

230
00:20:37,291 --> 00:20:38,520
甚至是冰雹

231
00:20:39,487 --> 00:20:40,689
要通过这项检验

232
00:20:40,789 --> 00:20:47,160
屋瓦必须能承受直径五公分
以每秒32公尺的速度飞行的冰球

233
00:20:47,895 --> 00:20:52,734
这项消防安全检验
确保热度或火焰无法穿透屋瓦

234
00:20:56,304 --> 00:21:01,603
用混凝土屋瓦做成的屋顶
甚至能承受时速240公里的强风

235
00:21:01,734 --> 00:21:05,013
使它们成为飓风区的理想建材

236
00:21:10,619 --> 00:21:14,523
翻译:sdi  media