1
00:00:20,180 --> 00:00:21,881
制造的原理

2
00:00:22,853 --> 00:00:25,181
在本集“制造的原理”中

3
00:00:26,213 --> 00:00:27,827
订做慢跑鞋

4
00:00:32,099 --> 00:00:33,633
斧头

5
00:00:37,771 --> 00:00:39,238
小型赛车

6
00:00:43,542 --> 00:00:45,144
以及电动人偶

7
00:00:46,706 --> 00:00:52,051
================
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摘  订  : gblim

8
00:00:52,512 --> 00:00:55,216
不合脚的鞋足以搞砸慢跑者的生活

9
00:00:55,416 --> 00:00:58,619
它们能影响慢跑者的步伐并导致受伤

10
00:00:58,953 --> 00:01:02,084
于是订做慢跑鞋变得更受欢迎

11
00:01:02,379 --> 00:01:04,592
为特定的一双脚量身订做

12
00:01:04,740 --> 00:01:08,215
能给慢跑者跑步时所需的支撑力

13
00:01:13,019 --> 00:01:15,380
多亏合成材料的使用

14
00:01:15,495 --> 00:01:19,200
现代慢跑鞋比以前更轻也更有弹性

15
00:01:21,331 --> 00:01:25,167
订做慢跑鞋让这个概念更进了一步

16
00:01:30,793 --> 00:01:34,954
首先要用立体雷射精确扫描每只脚

17
00:01:38,582 --> 00:01:41,709
然后慢跑者要踏上压刀板

18
00:01:44,487 --> 00:01:47,290
尖端为橡胶的针会伸出来包围住脚

19
00:01:47,411 --> 00:01:51,515
这项技术会创造出脚底的精确轮廓
包括足弓部分

20
00:01:55,019 --> 00:01:59,523
接着高压水刀会如刀般切割合成布料

21
00:02:00,628 --> 00:02:04,627
电脑会根据扫描出来的尺寸
操作切割过程

22
00:02:05,710 --> 00:02:08,038
切出部分会被用来制作鞋帮

23
00:02:08,231 --> 00:02:11,034
那是鞋子包住脚背的部分

24
00:02:12,235 --> 00:02:17,563
裁缝师缝起切出部分
形成慢跑鞋鞋帮的基本轮廓

25
00:02:20,120 --> 00:02:22,252
鞋帮有许多颜色

26
00:02:22,428 --> 00:02:25,829
运动员在订做鞋子时可自行选择

27
00:02:27,691 --> 00:02:31,694
当鞋帮打好用来穿鞋带的洞后

28
00:02:31,895 --> 00:02:36,299
裁缝师缝上条纹,那是该公司的标志

29
00:02:43,073 --> 00:02:46,204
她把布面鞋内底垫的鞋舌缝上鞋帮

30
00:02:46,696 --> 00:02:49,332
使用圆形针线以避免磨损

31
00:02:54,858 --> 00:02:57,660
鞋内底垫会和鞋帮的两边接合

32
00:02:57,861 --> 00:03:00,864
这只订做慢跑鞋也开始成型

33
00:03:01,184 --> 00:03:05,320
但这只鞋必须加上形状和构造
才能上路

34
00:03:06,190 --> 00:03:12,095
所以下个工人在鞋里置入
复制运动员脚型的塑胶鞋楦

35
00:03:15,098 --> 00:03:17,665
她在每只鞋跟黏上布料

36
00:03:17,821 --> 00:03:21,124
再进行打压以确保布料有黏好

37
00:03:28,271 --> 00:03:33,616
放置五小时
鞋子会形成订做鞋楦的形状

38
00:03:33,944 --> 00:03:39,026
但如果尺寸稍有偏差
他们就会把鞋报废并重新做起

39
00:03:40,864 --> 00:03:42,966
现在要制造泡绵鞋中底

40
00:03:43,886 --> 00:03:47,961
工人用根据个人脚型的冲模切割泡绵

41
00:03:48,972 --> 00:03:52,175
泡绵是双密度的,以达到最大性能

42
00:03:54,638 --> 00:03:57,840
他磨平每片鞋中底
并把尖端磨成斜面

43
00:03:58,641 --> 00:04:01,945
这会让双脚落地时感觉更平稳

44
00:04:06,049 --> 00:04:07,951
接下来是鞋外底

45
00:04:09,152 --> 00:04:13,857
工人将印有纹路的橡胶鞋底
沿着中底线条雕塑

46
00:04:14,197 --> 00:04:16,200
这样它们才能完美结合

47
00:04:18,829 --> 00:04:21,425
他黏合鞋中底和鞋外底

48
00:04:26,229 --> 00:04:28,357
为确保鞋底能紧密黏合

49
00:04:28,433 --> 00:04:31,701
他们用油压床挤压两层鞋底

50
00:04:36,783 --> 00:04:40,193
运动员在订做鞋子时
也能选择鞋底纹路

51
00:04:40,384 --> 00:04:45,554
较深的纹路适合越野用
较浅的则较适合一般人行道

52
00:04:52,896 --> 00:04:55,699
现在工人要把鞋底黏上鞋身

53
00:04:58,101 --> 00:05:00,904
鞋底稍微比布面鞋帮大一点

54
00:05:01,096 --> 00:05:04,768
让她能包住鞋帮,使外观工整

55
00:05:11,695 --> 00:05:16,700
他们称为爪子的机器会施加压力
以增进鞋身和鞋底的密合

56
00:05:20,083 --> 00:05:24,226
然后他们置入记忆泡绵鞋内底
那能随脚型变化

57
00:05:24,487 --> 00:05:29,092
这片鞋内底也能呼吸并经过抗菌处理

58
00:05:30,033 --> 00:05:31,802
鞋跟上的运动员名字

59
00:05:31,933 --> 00:05:35,491
是这双订做慢跑鞋
最后加上的个人特色

60
00:05:37,524 --> 00:05:39,819
制鞋时间大约五天

61
00:05:40,098 --> 00:05:42,278
但它们已准备要挑战马拉松

62
00:05:54,223 --> 00:05:58,738
自从远古时期,人类就会用斧头伐木

63
00:05:59,082 --> 00:06:01,930
最初的斧头只是磨利的石头

64
00:06:02,131 --> 00:06:05,334
但在3万5千年前当斧头加上了把手

65
00:06:05,634 --> 00:06:08,638
它增加了每次挥击时能施加的力量

66
00:06:08,838 --> 00:06:11,741
那也让斧头拥有更大的威力

67
00:06:15,844 --> 00:06:18,847
如今斧头仍未退流行

68
00:06:18,947 --> 00:06:21,850
虽然现在有许多机械工具

69
00:06:22,018 --> 00:06:25,454
它提供了低技术又直接的伐木方式

70
00:06:28,557 --> 00:06:32,261
现代斧头是从高级钢柱开始做起

71
00:06:32,762 --> 00:06:35,564
撞锤将它推进感应电炉

72
00:06:36,565 --> 00:06:40,069
高温使钢材白热化并变得柔软

73
00:06:40,169 --> 00:06:42,471
让它能进行塑型

74
00:06:45,874 --> 00:06:49,779
然后强大的压制机
把钢材敲进一连串冲模

75
00:06:49,879 --> 00:06:51,981
使斧头的轮廓更分明

76
00:06:53,182 --> 00:06:55,284
铰刀会修掉边缘

77
00:06:58,487 --> 00:07:01,381
现在操作员把斧头移往另一个撞锤

78
00:07:01,463 --> 00:07:04,393
它会把斧头压进冲模里
以校直并压平它

79
00:07:06,095 --> 00:07:08,898
然后要放到旋转架上半小时

80
00:07:08,998 --> 00:07:12,401
让斧头冷却并变硬再进行加工

81
00:07:16,606 --> 00:07:19,909
工人将几十把斧头放进滚筒里

82
00:07:21,283 --> 00:07:23,955
它们会和小钢珠一起翻转

83
00:07:24,136 --> 00:07:29,858
产生的磨擦力会磨去钢材表面的粗糙
并使边缘更平滑

84
00:07:34,923 --> 00:07:40,329
接着工人会用砂带磨擦斧头背面
把边缘磨成斜面

85
00:07:42,541 --> 00:07:45,744
再把斧头侧面磨平

86
00:07:47,146 --> 00:07:50,949
他在几秒内就把刀口的两面磨利

87
00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:55,711
这需要高超的技术
才能做得如此迅速精准

88
00:07:57,046 --> 00:08:01,951
然后他用较窄较细致的砂带
抛光斧头颈部

89
00:08:04,053 --> 00:08:09,158
现在要把斧头浸入
加热到摄氏815度的特殊溶液中

90
00:08:11,122 --> 00:08:14,263
然后他们用暖油冷却火红的钢材

91
00:08:15,264 --> 00:08:17,860
急剧的温度变化使金属变硬

92
00:08:18,007 --> 00:08:20,769
所以才够坚硬能应付任何伐木工作

93
00:08:22,071 --> 00:08:23,472
在下个工作站

94
00:08:23,572 --> 00:08:27,959
工人组装预先打好洞的皮革和塑胶环
以打造斧头把手

95
00:08:29,378 --> 00:08:33,565
她在一叠皮革环的两端
放置黑白塑胶环

96
00:08:33,664 --> 00:08:35,484
让把手更有特色

97
00:08:38,387 --> 00:08:40,489
环状物会越来越小

98
00:08:40,589 --> 00:08:43,993
因为把手会越变越细
以配合斧头把手的颈前部

99
00:08:45,484 --> 00:08:50,700
制作一个把手需要36个皮革环
和6个塑胶环

100
00:08:54,903 --> 00:08:57,806
她将把手套件移往压合机

101
00:08:59,140 --> 00:09:03,513
并把涂上蜂蜡润滑的斧头下半部

102
00:09:03,613 --> 00:09:05,415
插入把手中间的洞

103
00:09:08,354 --> 00:09:10,520
液压撞锤把斧头推进去

104
00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:14,523
润滑蜂蜡确保它能顺利推进

105
00:09:20,629 --> 00:09:24,733
她现在要磨平把手底部的金属分岔
以固定把手

106
00:09:26,635 --> 00:09:31,040
斧头一边转动
长条研磨带会一边磨擦皮革

107
00:09:31,683 --> 00:09:34,543
它会把所有皮革环磨到齐平

108
00:09:41,750 --> 00:09:45,153
最后工人会进行最终研磨

109
00:09:55,946 --> 00:09:58,968
他的手艺能让把手看来更平滑

110
00:10:03,972 --> 00:10:07,882
浸入透明漆能呈现出皮革环的纹理

111
00:10:07,964 --> 00:10:10,278
它们看来就像是一体成型

112
00:10:18,194 --> 00:10:19,833
等透明漆一干

113
00:10:19,931 --> 00:10:24,801
另一名工人会用非常细致的砂带
抛光外露的钢材

114
00:10:26,719 --> 00:10:32,401
成品充满了光泽
这把斧头上工时保证会很美观

115
00:10:38,307 --> 00:10:41,410
打造一把斧头需要两天

116
00:10:41,539 --> 00:10:43,913
但它们能用上一辈子

117
00:10:58,671 --> 00:11:00,934
小型赛车是国际性赛车运动

118
00:11:01,081 --> 00:11:03,655
拥有广大观众,尤其是在欧洲

119
00:11:03,889 --> 00:11:07,192
小型赛车看来就像
迷你版的一级方程式赛车

120
00:11:07,292 --> 00:11:09,093
但没有悬吊系统

121
00:11:09,262 --> 00:11:12,297
赛起车来
可能比一级方程式赛车还刺激

122
00:11:12,397 --> 00:11:15,900
因为车身较小,机动性又较高

123
00:11:20,099 --> 00:11:25,066
这辆义制小型宝车
拥有单汽缸,125cc的引擎

124
00:11:25,230 --> 00:11:28,427
极速能达每小时180公里

125
00:11:29,475 --> 00:11:32,678
铝制外壳内含所有引擎零件

126
00:11:32,979 --> 00:11:36,683
电脑控制的电钻
钻出多个洞来安装零件

127
00:11:41,487 --> 00:11:44,755
首先是引擎的六组钢制排档

128
00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:47,805
每一档其实是由好几枚齿轮组成

129
00:11:48,002 --> 00:11:50,296
他们把齿轮装上齿轮轴

130
00:11:53,699 --> 00:11:56,101
再放进变速箱

131
00:12:03,494 --> 00:12:05,757
排档后方是打档器

132
00:12:05,888 --> 00:12:08,814
驾驶会用排档杆来换档

133
00:12:11,717 --> 00:12:13,820
接下来是驱动轴

134
00:12:13,905 --> 00:12:18,424
它会转动旋转后轮车轴的链条

135
00:12:23,429 --> 00:12:27,333
他们在引擎外壳的另一边
装上驱动齿轮

136
00:12:27,933 --> 00:12:31,737
这些能确保驱动轴
以稳定受控的速率转动

137
00:12:32,137 --> 00:12:35,341
红色记号能帮助技师对齐齿轮

138
00:12:36,906 --> 00:12:39,546
离合器压盘会盖住变速箱

139
00:12:40,201 --> 00:12:44,550
离合器鼓轮内含离合器圆盘

140
00:12:45,150 --> 00:12:48,754
这些圆盘会将曲轴动作传送到变速箱

141
00:12:48,954 --> 00:12:50,556
那会转动驱动轴

142
00:12:50,644 --> 00:12:53,859
进而带动旋转后轮的链条

143
00:12:57,727 --> 00:13:01,251
粗钢弹簧会抓住并放开离合器圆盘

144
00:13:05,464 --> 00:13:10,776
这个鳃盖组件称为鳃瓣包
它能控制进入引擎的燃油量

145
00:13:11,577 --> 00:13:17,183
踩下油门踏板会创造真空状态
打开鳃盖并吸进更多燃油

146
00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:23,289
汽缸内装有转动曲轴的活塞

147
00:13:24,490 --> 00:13:28,694
这个引擎头会封住汽缸
里面会发生燃烧循环

148
00:13:32,089 --> 00:13:35,001
点火装置是在引擎左边

149
00:13:38,532 --> 00:13:41,907
如今引擎已完成并准备进行试台试验

150
00:13:46,712 --> 00:13:51,217
技师利用特殊仪器
监督并校准引擎性能

151
00:13:55,041 --> 00:13:58,224
小型赛车的底盘是用钢管做成

152
00:13:58,762 --> 00:14:01,975
他们在后方安装轴承以支撑后车轴

153
00:14:02,615 --> 00:14:06,599
然后他们装上车轴本身
并在上面安装煞车盘

154
00:14:11,025 --> 00:14:13,439
他们把煞车卡钳装上底盘

155
00:14:13,796 --> 00:14:17,943
煞车时,它们会夹住煞车盘
以停止车轮转动

156
00:14:19,845 --> 00:14:23,747
他们会再次测量
确认后车轴有对准中央

157
00:14:23,944 --> 00:14:27,953
然后再固定它,当然它还是能转动

158
00:14:29,054 --> 00:14:30,856
现在轮到转向系统

159
00:14:31,371 --> 00:14:35,338
技师在底盘前方的两端安装转轴

160
00:14:35,962 --> 00:14:38,564
转轴会转动赛车前轮

161
00:14:47,073 --> 00:14:50,076
一旦技师锁紧上方的转向柱

162
00:14:50,158 --> 00:14:52,578
他们把前轮连杆接上转轴

163
00:14:58,569 --> 00:15:03,689
前轮连杆会经由这些转轴
将转向柱的转动传送到前轮

164
00:15:06,893 --> 00:15:11,296
接下来技师会在底盘前方
安装两个装有弹簧的踏板

165
00:15:16,502 --> 00:15:18,204
煞车系统是液压式

166
00:15:18,304 --> 00:15:23,709
代表加压液体会启动煞车卡钳
抓住或放开煞车盘

167
00:15:27,112 --> 00:15:30,516
接着是安装轮圈的轮毂

168
00:15:32,018 --> 00:15:35,320
然后是引擎,再来是轮胎

169
00:15:35,921 --> 00:15:37,800
以及玻璃纤维驾驶座

170
00:15:37,931 --> 00:15:42,728
由于小型赛车没有悬吊系统
驾驶可以感受到地面所有的起伏

171
00:15:43,929 --> 00:15:45,538
最后是方向盘

172
00:15:45,620 --> 00:15:47,686
和一个数据记录装置来详细追踪

173
00:15:47,751 --> 00:15:52,244
从车速和跑圈时间
到轮胎以及排气温度等所有数据

174
00:16:01,851 --> 00:16:06,718
电动人偶是一种机器人偶
动作栩栩如生

175
00:16:06,982 --> 00:16:13,212
你经常在科幻片游乐园和园游会里
见到电动人偶的角色

176
00:16:13,966 --> 00:16:19,589
请注意本段节目内容
可能不适合儿童观众

177
00:16:25,196 --> 00:16:27,038
说到恐怖片

178
00:16:27,138 --> 00:16:30,341
电动人偶的角色越可怕越好

179
00:16:33,212 --> 00:16:34,951
这是疯狂克莉丝汀

180
00:16:35,046 --> 00:16:37,148
它原本只是一大块黏士

181
00:16:38,262 --> 00:16:41,524
它的创造者先在直立平台上雕塑形状

182
00:16:45,596 --> 00:16:47,198
一旦他完成它的轮廓

183
00:16:47,448 --> 00:16:50,852
他会换用较精致的工具
塑造它的可怕面容

184
00:17:00,111 --> 00:17:04,515
他用水和海绵给它的皮肤真实的质感

185
00:17:06,678 --> 00:17:10,782
一旦黏土变硬
他们会把疯狂克莉丝汀放平

186
00:17:10,882 --> 00:17:13,385
并在它身上淋满石膏糊料

187
00:17:17,658 --> 00:17:20,291
石膏大约一小时就会定型

188
00:17:20,390 --> 00:17:25,397
然后他们会移除雕塑
创造用来复制疯狂克莉丝汀的模具

189
00:17:28,576 --> 00:17:29,839
模具相当重

190
00:17:30,001 --> 00:17:33,511
为处理方便,他们把身体分成两半

191
00:17:35,066 --> 00:17:38,369
然后他们在每个模具里
灌满液态乳胶橡胶

192
00:17:39,024 --> 00:17:43,134
模具内墙上
很快就会出现一层三毫米厚的薄膜

193
00:17:44,695 --> 00:17:47,398
他们吸出剩余的液态乳胶

194
00:17:51,340 --> 00:17:54,443
同时他们会焊接钢制骨架

195
00:17:54,943 --> 00:17:58,247
它的胸腔是隔栅,脊椎是钢条

196
00:17:58,747 --> 00:18:02,451
肱骨是钢炼,关节是钢珠轴承

197
00:18:02,660 --> 00:18:05,254
脖子则是钢材强化橡胶

198
00:18:10,158 --> 00:18:15,300
目前疯狂克莉丝汀已有皮肤和骨头
现在它需要血肉

199
00:18:17,365 --> 00:18:21,270
他们在每个模具内
填充扩大中的聚肢甲酸酯泡沫塑料

200
00:18:21,971 --> 00:18:23,481
为控制扩大情况

201
00:18:23,562 --> 00:18:27,676
他们在上面盖上塑胶膜
并用手引导泡沫塑料

202
00:18:32,281 --> 00:18:36,448
下半身不需要任何内部支撑架构

203
00:18:36,596 --> 00:18:40,489
因为不会动
只要在双腿内加上钢炼固定即可

204
00:18:46,121 --> 00:18:47,547
一旦泡沫塑料变硬

205
00:18:47,678 --> 00:18:51,100
就能从模具中
取出疯狂克莉丝汀的身体

206
00:18:56,205 --> 00:18:59,108
他们会修掉多余乳胶

207
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:02,711
再把它的上半身

208
00:19:02,713 --> 00:19:06,715
放到安装在直立金属基座的
大型旋转钢珠轴承上

209
00:19:09,118 --> 00:19:12,220
他们从基座开口插进两根钢棒

210
00:19:12,516 --> 00:19:17,226
每根钢棒都是拴在
连接钢珠轴承关节的板子上

211
00:19:17,926 --> 00:19:20,229
另一端是焊接在基座上

212
00:19:22,031 --> 00:19:23,932
这些圆柱是气动式

213
00:19:24,033 --> 00:19:28,937
代表气压会开合圆柱
使疯狂克莉丝剧烈摆动

214
00:19:30,451 --> 00:19:34,744
一切皆由这个安装在吉他音箱上的
数位装置所控制

215
00:19:34,944 --> 00:19:38,447
它会送出电脉冲控制气动圆柱

216
00:19:39,748 --> 00:19:43,352
演员会录下伴随的尖叫和呜咽声

217
00:19:45,254 --> 00:19:48,457
他们把音轨传送到数位控制箱

218
00:19:49,658 --> 00:19:52,961
控制箱会随动作启动音效

219
00:19:56,365 --> 00:19:59,067
现在要为疯狂克莉丝汀上妆

220
00:20:00,666 --> 00:20:05,974
他们用油漆和液态乳胶橡胶各半
为它的皮肤上色

221
00:20:08,877 --> 00:20:12,581
眼珠则是使用灰白色的不透明墨水

222
00:20:14,683 --> 00:20:16,685
然后用喷枪喷出虹膜

223
00:20:20,290 --> 00:20:24,092
再用小笔刷的尾端印上瞳孔

224
00:20:28,296 --> 00:20:30,499
用红笔画几条血丝

225
00:20:31,618 --> 00:20:33,702
在护口罩上喷墨

226
00:20:34,733 --> 00:20:39,308
最后在眼珠上涂透明环氧树脂
让它们变得明亮

227
00:20:44,980 --> 00:20:48,504
他们为它戴上假发
把下半身装上基座

228
00:20:48,750 --> 00:20:51,307
再为它穿上约束衣

229
00:20:51,996 --> 00:20:55,751
因为疯狂克莉丝汀的家是精神病院

230
00:20:59,628 --> 00:21:03,632
翻译:sdi  media