1
00:00:20,574 --> 00:00:22,279
制造的原理

2
00:00:23,082 --> 00:00:25,558
在本集“制造的原理”中

3
00:00:26,394 --> 00:00:27,426
耳机

4
00:00:32,332 --> 00:00:33,833
潜水调节器

5
00:00:39,238 --> 00:00:40,984
以及反射灯泡

6
00:00:46,706 --> 00:00:52,051
================
记录片之家倾情奉献
Http://www.jlpzj.net/
本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途
=====================
摘  订  : gblim

7
00:00:54,473 --> 00:00:56,876
在20世纪初

8
00:00:56,878 --> 00:01:01,280
耳机主要是电话操作员
和无线电技术员在用

9
00:01:01,820 --> 00:01:06,183
但在1930年代
它们经过重新设计并推广给大众

10
00:01:06,626 --> 00:01:11,084
于是各地的音乐爱好者
都开始使用耳机

11
00:01:16,355 --> 00:01:18,057
每个人都是音乐评论家

12
00:01:18,157 --> 00:01:23,062
但耳机能让人们转大音量
却不会吵到邻居

13
00:01:25,019 --> 00:01:26,665
为制造高级耳机

14
00:01:26,765 --> 00:01:30,479
射出成型机首先会制造塑胶后盖

15
00:01:32,671 --> 00:01:35,875
网状部分能让声波通过

16
00:01:35,975 --> 00:01:38,177
而不会反射到耳机里

17
00:01:43,482 --> 00:01:44,483
在生产线下游

18
00:01:44,578 --> 00:01:49,283
设备会在两个耳机壳和零件上
印上商标和其他资讯

19
00:01:49,414 --> 00:01:52,491
包括装筛金属圆盘和塑胶外壳

20
00:01:57,196 --> 00:02:01,100
下一台机器会把细如人发的铜丝

21
00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:03,502
缠绕圆柱数百次

22
00:02:04,203 --> 00:02:08,106
缠绕过程是经过电脑控制
以制造关键零件

23
00:02:08,415 --> 00:02:10,309
也就是耳机的音圈

24
00:02:11,911 --> 00:02:14,413
当受到输入信号磁化

25
00:02:14,563 --> 00:02:18,617
音圈会振动隔膜,使它发出声音

26
00:02:20,022 --> 00:02:25,728
当压制机热压一块塑胶薄膜
隔膜就此成型

27
00:02:27,827 --> 00:02:32,383
这些工具在压制塑胶薄膜时
中间会较厚,外圈会较薄

28
00:02:32,630 --> 00:02:37,171
这样才有宽广平坦的音频范围

29
00:02:38,717 --> 00:02:41,119
技术员裁下塑模部分

30
00:02:46,007 --> 00:02:48,647
她在隔膜上涂胶

31
00:02:49,748 --> 00:02:53,452
再把铜质音圈放进装配设备

32
00:02:53,811 --> 00:02:57,256
她把隔膜涂了胶的部分对齐音圈

33
00:02:57,975 --> 00:03:02,336
紫外线能活化黏胶
让音圈黏在隔膜上

34
00:03:07,065 --> 00:03:10,069
每个塑胶外壳内都有一枚磁铁

35
00:03:10,869 --> 00:03:15,675
下一位技术员将隔膜和音圈组件
装上外壳

36
00:03:17,076 --> 00:03:22,881
这需要技巧因为音圈必须精确放好
才能有最佳音质

37
00:03:25,976 --> 00:03:29,387
现在耳机喇叭已准备好进行音响测试

38
00:03:29,588 --> 00:03:34,493
技术员会测试音频范围
失真和其他要素

39
00:03:36,295 --> 00:03:40,567
在此技术员将弯曲金属线的末端
插进塑胶夹

40
00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,003
这些金属线有两个作用

41
00:03:44,103 --> 00:03:46,805
它们能让耳机贴紧耳朵

42
00:03:46,905 --> 00:03:50,909
并将耳机左边的音讯传到右边

43
00:03:55,113 --> 00:04:00,719
接下来技术员把耳机喇叭线的接头
装进塑胶电源线扣

44
00:04:04,814 --> 00:04:09,437
可调式松紧带能让耳机
适用于各种大小形状的头

45
00:04:10,224 --> 00:04:13,832
操作员用液压工具压合所有零件

46
00:04:20,339 --> 00:04:24,643
接下来技术员要组装两边的喇叭外壳

47
00:04:25,744 --> 00:04:29,048
她用气动工具压合外壳

48
00:04:30,649 --> 00:04:33,552
最后再放上装饰用的金属环

49
00:04:41,961 --> 00:04:45,079
她把喇叭装置装进外壳中央

50
00:04:45,276 --> 00:04:48,667
再放上塑胶托架作为保护

51
00:04:51,390 --> 00:04:54,407
然后她把整个组件和外壳固定

52
00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:05,084
接着她在每个耳机喇叭上
焊接两条电线

53
00:05:05,752 --> 00:05:08,047
塑胶环和盖子能保护它

54
00:05:08,129 --> 00:05:10,689
同时又能让电线伸出来

55
00:05:15,714 --> 00:05:19,017
她把头环末端装上喇叭

56
00:05:22,261 --> 00:05:26,465
再焊接喇叭线和从头环伸出的电线

57
00:05:28,106 --> 00:05:31,509
她在每个喇叭上压装塑胶罩

58
00:05:31,610 --> 00:05:34,312
小心处理以预防刮伤

59
00:05:35,694 --> 00:05:39,131
这副耳机已接好线并准备听音乐

60
00:05:39,518 --> 00:05:41,721
无论是摇滚乐或古典乐

61
00:05:41,821 --> 00:05:46,125
音乐选择只有戴耳机的人才听得见

62
00:06:00,012 --> 00:06:03,616
潜水调节器是你在水里的生命线

63
00:06:04,017 --> 00:06:05,818
发明于1937年

64
00:06:05,918 --> 00:06:09,022
这个装置能将气瓶内的压缩空气

65
00:06:09,122 --> 00:06:10,723
变成可吸入的空气

66
00:06:10,823 --> 00:06:13,477
再经由咬嘴传送给潜水者

67
00:06:13,608 --> 00:06:17,690
那代表一旦你跳进水里
就能轻松呼吸

68
00:06:22,625 --> 00:06:26,238
潜水调节器主要的两部分
是叫一级头和二级头

69
00:06:27,539 --> 00:06:32,345
电脑化工具将一块黄铜
做成一级头外罩

70
00:06:33,466 --> 00:06:38,071
它们会切出内腔和洞孔
以安装软管和其他零件

71
00:06:39,672 --> 00:06:41,975
刀片将零件切成适当大小

72
00:06:43,256 --> 00:06:46,959
然后电钻钻出放置减压阀的空间

73
00:06:48,060 --> 00:06:51,233
这一端也会钻洞以安装附件

74
00:06:51,764 --> 00:06:55,467
另一个工具会雕塑侧面
以减轻零件重量

75
00:06:59,072 --> 00:07:03,576
切成两半后
这就是一级头内部的样子

76
00:07:06,659 --> 00:07:10,363
经过镀铬后,他们在洞里放进塞子

77
00:07:10,485 --> 00:07:14,487
稍后会被用来安装仪表
软管和其他零件

78
00:07:19,192 --> 00:07:23,896
连接调节器和气瓶的接头
要放进夹持装置

79
00:07:24,096 --> 00:07:28,401
同时技术员要组装特殊阀门
以防止海水进入

80
00:07:30,644 --> 00:07:33,120
他把活塞装上弹簧末端

81
00:07:33,306 --> 00:07:37,481
再把组件放进洞里
确认它是正确尺寸

82
00:07:38,211 --> 00:07:41,113
他在弹簧另一端安装滤器

83
00:07:45,458 --> 00:07:47,760
现在他把阀门放入接头

84
00:07:49,923 --> 00:07:52,225
他用这个橡胶环固定

85
00:07:52,325 --> 00:07:54,527
把它压进接头里的沟槽

86
00:07:58,236 --> 00:08:00,859
阀门已牢牢固定

87
00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,236
他试按它以确认它能正常运作

88
00:08:07,139 --> 00:08:09,542
然后他在这些接头内注水

89
00:08:09,778 --> 00:08:13,245
确认里面的阀门完全不会漏水

90
00:08:14,843 --> 00:08:18,548
他在接头上安装橡胶盖
和镀铬轭型接头

91
00:08:19,752 --> 00:08:22,057
再把这份组件装进外罩

92
00:08:22,172 --> 00:08:25,401
用长把套筒扳手拴紧
以获得适当扭力

93
00:08:28,061 --> 00:08:29,462
这个轭型接头会转动

94
00:08:29,562 --> 00:08:33,466
当接上气瓶就能给潜水者适当弹性

95
00:08:35,267 --> 00:08:37,770
现在他要组装一个重要零件

96
00:08:37,870 --> 00:08:39,972
也就是高压减压阀

97
00:08:40,371 --> 00:08:42,674
安装在一级头外罩内

98
00:08:42,775 --> 00:08:45,979
它能把高压空气变成中压

99
00:08:46,980 --> 00:08:48,881
他用旋钮覆盖轭型接头

100
00:08:49,075 --> 00:08:53,285
然后在一级头外罩的一端
放入感压装置

101
00:08:54,887 --> 00:08:56,990
他在上面盖上橡胶膜

102
00:08:57,599 --> 00:08:59,192
潜水者吸气时

103
00:08:59,292 --> 00:09:02,494
这个塑胶膜会松开阀门
以释放更多空气

104
00:09:03,896 --> 00:09:07,200
如今潜水调节器的一级头已完成

105
00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:10,803
现在他只须校准内部的减压阀

106
00:09:12,705 --> 00:09:15,808
他把它接上压缩空气并调整阀门

107
00:09:15,908 --> 00:09:19,012
让它把气压降到精确程度

108
00:09:28,897 --> 00:09:31,765
他把它浸入水里,测试它是否会漏气

109
00:09:32,124 --> 00:09:34,536
它浸入水里时产生了一些气泡

110
00:09:34,651 --> 00:09:36,897
但并没什么问题征兆

111
00:09:39,431 --> 00:09:42,717
现在他们要制造潜水调节器的二级头

112
00:09:42,935 --> 00:09:47,307
那会把来自一级头的中压空气
变成可吸入的空气

113
00:09:47,946 --> 00:09:51,897
潜水者的呼吸会松开这片隔膜
以打开气阀

114
00:09:54,013 --> 00:09:56,048
他装上护盖

115
00:09:56,349 --> 00:09:59,452
并准备安装二级头阀门

116
00:10:04,554 --> 00:10:07,439
在他把它放进二级头外罩后

117
00:10:07,603 --> 00:10:09,865
技术员会进行最初调整

118
00:10:11,456 --> 00:10:15,751
接着他用特殊工具精确校准阀门

119
00:10:21,309 --> 00:10:25,801
他在进行先前步骤时取下了隔膜
于是他把它重新装上去

120
00:10:30,375 --> 00:10:33,286
然后它会来到听觉敏锐的人员手中

121
00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:35,735
当空气注入二级头

122
00:10:35,965 --> 00:10:38,916
他会检查是否有漏气声

123
00:10:39,592 --> 00:10:44,589
确定毫无漏气声后
他把调节器接上模拟呼吸的装置

124
00:10:44,834 --> 00:10:47,500
并测量吸气时需要的力量

125
00:10:48,001 --> 00:10:51,403
如果一切没问题
他们会把一二级头接上软管

126
00:10:51,589 --> 00:10:55,708
而这个潜水调节器
就能准备下水应付压力

127
00:11:06,493 --> 00:11:08,995
优质照明的重点通常是在于反射

128
00:11:09,096 --> 00:11:12,599
所以早期的灯经常会有反射镜

129
00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:18,805
但在1935年,一家公司想出
如何制造内建反射镜的灯泡

130
00:11:19,306 --> 00:11:21,361
在灯泡里安装反射镜

131
00:11:21,525 --> 00:11:23,755
能让它保持干净又不必保养

132
00:11:28,459 --> 00:11:31,117
不论是轨道照明灯还是嵌灯

133
00:11:31,218 --> 00:11:34,721
只要打开电源
反射灯泡就能照亮整个房间

134
00:11:36,050 --> 00:11:39,426
这些灯泡的制造过程是从灯泡壳开始

135
00:11:39,526 --> 00:11:41,528
也就是玻璃外罩

136
00:11:41,837 --> 00:11:46,032
它是由多种原料和回收玻璃组成

137
00:11:48,231 --> 00:11:50,837
制造过程几乎是全自动

138
00:11:51,625 --> 00:11:54,920
操作员启动设备,为材料秤重

139
00:11:55,035 --> 00:11:59,149
并把它们送进送料斗彻底混合

140
00:12:02,593 --> 00:12:05,003
接着混合物会流入熔炉

141
00:12:05,232 --> 00:12:07,454
加热至摄氏1500度

142
00:12:13,675 --> 00:12:18,465
混合物最多需要24小时
才能熔成黏稠玻璃

143
00:12:20,036 --> 00:12:23,370
它会流在滚子之间并形成长条状

144
00:12:23,670 --> 00:12:26,173
其中一个滚子的表面带有缺口

145
00:12:26,273 --> 00:12:28,575
能将长条分成小段

146
00:12:30,477 --> 00:12:32,879
这些设备称为喷头

147
00:12:32,881 --> 00:12:36,483
能透过输送链的洞使玻璃膨胀

148
00:12:42,089 --> 00:12:45,992
这会把玻璃拉成椭圆形泡泡
称为毛坯

149
00:12:53,841 --> 00:12:57,504
铁制模具会包住温热柔软的玻璃毛坯

150
00:13:02,284 --> 00:13:06,054
模具会旋转
同时玻璃会硬化成要求的形状

151
00:13:09,613 --> 00:13:13,320
现在玻璃毛坯看来就像
上下颠倒的马丁尼杯

152
00:13:13,547 --> 00:13:16,203
这就是反射灯泡的玻璃外罩

153
00:13:17,324 --> 00:13:22,744
玻璃毛球只需几秒钟
就能在这种模具中定型

154
00:13:27,498 --> 00:13:31,137
目前外罩仍连接着上方的玻璃长条

155
00:13:31,237 --> 00:13:34,641
所以自动榔头会轻轻敲下外罩

156
00:13:37,144 --> 00:13:39,646
玻璃外罩会慢慢冷却

157
00:13:40,089 --> 00:13:44,368
能强化玻璃并减低易碎性

158
00:13:49,779 --> 00:13:53,060
他们会测量外罩的厚度和直径

159
00:13:53,385 --> 00:13:57,500
要是不符合标准整批产品会被压碎

160
00:13:57,647 --> 00:13:59,967
并回收再造新的玻璃外罩

161
00:14:00,467 --> 00:14:04,009
但这个外罩没问题
于是生产过程也继续下去

162
00:14:05,271 --> 00:14:09,376
他们把外罩套上喷嘴并注入氢氟酸

163
00:14:09,664 --> 00:14:13,380
它会在玻璃内部形成雾面效果

164
00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:17,288
那会柔化灯泡散发的光线并扩大光束

165
00:14:23,764 --> 00:14:28,394
现在外罩会经由滑道
滑进减轻下滑冲击的衬垫轨道

166
00:14:34,272 --> 00:14:36,102
导轨轻轻排放外罩

167
00:14:36,703 --> 00:14:40,797
然后其他设备会将它们推进支架
并移往生产线下游

168
00:14:43,710 --> 00:14:47,699
接着自动机器将铝丝放进加热线圈

169
00:14:47,863 --> 00:14:50,817
并在上面放置金属护盖

170
00:14:56,823 --> 00:14:59,192
吸盘吸起玻璃外罩

171
00:14:59,389 --> 00:15:02,339
并把它们套上铝丝和护盖组件

172
00:15:02,929 --> 00:15:05,032
真空泵吸出灯泡里的空气

173
00:15:05,034 --> 00:15:09,733
同时电流会供给加热线圈能量
以熔化铝丝

174
00:15:11,291 --> 00:15:14,799
铝丝会黏上灯泡壳内墙

175
00:15:14,979 --> 00:15:17,127
给予它反射效果

176
00:15:19,045 --> 00:15:24,351
接着玻璃外罩
会印上公司商标和其他资讯

177
00:15:28,996 --> 00:15:31,390
同时在另一条生产线

178
00:15:31,423 --> 00:15:35,261
他们正在准备灯丝和线接点的玻璃座

179
00:15:36,308 --> 00:15:38,947
轮刀把它们切成适当大小

180
00:15:40,887 --> 00:15:43,190
之后玻璃管会通过火焰

181
00:15:43,290 --> 00:15:47,093
末端会稍微熔化,让边缘更平滑

182
00:15:47,875 --> 00:15:52,179
当它们冷却后
握爪会把玻璃管送往更热的火焰

183
00:15:52,279 --> 00:15:54,281
它会对玻璃管的一端喷焰

184
00:15:54,681 --> 00:15:59,486
接下来
我们将介绍反射灯泡的内部构造

185
00:16:12,574 --> 00:16:16,654
反射灯泡能为环境带来全新的光线

186
00:16:16,979 --> 00:16:19,481
它的光线更强烈而集中

187
00:16:19,802 --> 00:16:23,442
这种光线的来源是通电的灯丝

188
00:16:23,557 --> 00:16:27,409
而在灯泡里组装灯丝
是需要精心处理的任务

189
00:16:27,557 --> 00:16:30,098
全由机器来操作

190
00:16:35,082 --> 00:16:37,754
目前正在生产的是玻璃管

191
00:16:37,918 --> 00:16:42,104
它会是灯丝和电接点的底座

192
00:16:43,305 --> 00:16:46,809
机器在每根玻璃管内放置两条铜丝

193
00:16:47,066 --> 00:16:51,279
这些是稍后连接
灯泡底部和灯丝的引线

194
00:16:51,525 --> 00:16:53,615
并负责传送电流

195
00:16:57,319 --> 00:17:01,149
这些玻璃长管
会被用来吸出灯泡内的空气

196
00:17:01,493 --> 00:17:04,903
预防氧气接触灯丝并摧毁它

197
00:17:06,968 --> 00:17:10,428
目前它们是从玻璃座突出
但那只是暂时

198
00:17:10,633 --> 00:17:12,434
稍后就会被剪短

199
00:17:15,938 --> 00:17:20,643
现在喷灯会把玻璃座
引线和排气管熔在一起

200
00:17:24,746 --> 00:17:28,050
然后机械手指会捏合各层

201
00:17:28,199 --> 00:17:33,255
现在引线已是在玻璃内
但仍从玻璃底座突出

202
00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:41,763
握爪将闭合的玻璃座送往旋转料架

203
00:17:41,963 --> 00:17:46,368
它会旋转,让玻璃座接收钨金属线圈

204
00:17:46,969 --> 00:17:50,036
这个线圈正是反射灯泡的灯丝

205
00:17:54,233 --> 00:17:59,102
机械手指将小型线圈
装上两条引线上的钩子

206
00:18:00,889 --> 00:18:05,119
目前灯丝还不太稳定
所以它将会获得支撑

207
00:18:07,135 --> 00:18:11,994
首先机器会弯曲引线
好移开引线和灯丝

208
00:18:12,394 --> 00:18:16,998
然后自动机器会把玻璃排气管尖端
压上燃烧器

209
00:18:17,499 --> 00:18:21,904
尖端会熔化,把金属支撑线埋进去

210
00:18:28,210 --> 00:18:30,411
另一台自动机器会弯曲引线

211
00:18:30,512 --> 00:18:33,615
把邻接的灯丝放上支撑线

212
00:18:36,251 --> 00:18:39,318
下一站会把支撑线套上灯丝

213
00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,891
这会给予灯丝必要的支撑
使它不再摇晃

214
00:18:47,777 --> 00:18:51,432
然后这个双叉装置会推直引线

215
00:18:57,539 --> 00:19:01,243
现在玻璃座是直立的
并放在另一个旋转料架上

216
00:19:03,045 --> 00:19:04,446
机器将它调直

217
00:19:04,546 --> 00:19:08,550
金属圆盘才能装上玻璃座的收缩部分

218
00:19:11,453 --> 00:19:13,555
这个圆盘能够反射

219
00:19:13,655 --> 00:19:17,459
它会把光线向下反射到
灯泡里的光亮涂层

220
00:19:17,461 --> 00:19:19,561
创造出适当效果

221
00:19:21,563 --> 00:19:26,968
套上圆盘的组件现在已来到下个转盘

222
00:19:28,385 --> 00:19:31,582
吸盘将玻璃外罩套上组件

223
00:19:31,795 --> 00:19:35,304
把灯丝和反射圆盘装在里面

224
00:19:42,984 --> 00:19:47,289
当灯泡通过一排喷灯
支架会转动灯泡

225
00:19:47,689 --> 00:19:50,272
火焰会熔化玻璃外罩颈部

226
00:19:50,387 --> 00:19:52,747
并在玻璃座周围熔合

227
00:19:55,397 --> 00:20:00,402
这能固定灯泡里的灯丝
接点和反射圆盘

228
00:20:04,005 --> 00:20:07,309
另一组喷灯会加热到更高的温度

229
00:20:07,311 --> 00:20:09,011
修整灯泡底部

230
00:20:12,013 --> 00:20:15,617
现在塑模仪器会开始塑造灯泡底部

231
00:20:15,717 --> 00:20:17,719
好安装金属底座

232
00:20:20,923 --> 00:20:23,624
接着握爪把金属底座放上轨道

233
00:20:23,725 --> 00:20:25,727
准备和反射灯泡接合

234
00:20:26,528 --> 00:20:31,133
现在灯泡已被吸光氧气并充满氩气

235
00:20:31,233 --> 00:20:33,035
所以会维持更久

236
00:20:33,535 --> 00:20:38,640
最后要安装金属底座
让灯泡能装进灯具

237
00:20:39,569 --> 00:20:41,843
另一批火焰加热金属底座

238
00:20:41,943 --> 00:20:44,045
活化事先涂好的黏着剂

239
00:20:44,145 --> 00:20:46,347
让它牢牢固定在灯泡上

240
00:20:50,052 --> 00:20:54,556
接着自动机器切掉突出的引线
并在底部形成接点

241
00:20:59,260 --> 00:21:03,164
组装这颗反射灯泡只需12分钟

242
00:21:03,439 --> 00:21:06,968
但它将会提供约两千小时的光亮

243
00:21:11,673 --> 00:21:15,677
翻译:sdi  media