1
00:00:19,951 --> 00:00:21,935
制造的原理

2
00:00:22,541 --> 00:00:24,902
在本集“制造的原理”中

3
00:00:26,082 --> 00:00:27,213
风扇船

4
00:00:31,869 --> 00:00:32,951
洋葱

5
00:00:37,771 --> 00:00:39,239
立体金属印刷

6
00:00:43,312 --> 00:00:44,984
以及弧形柜门

7
00:00:46,706 --> 00:00:52,051
================
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=====================
摘  订  : gblim

8
00:00:53,854 --> 00:00:57,821
风扇船是一种平底船
后方装有超大型推进器

9
00:00:58,084 --> 00:01:00,805
所有机械都在水线之上

10
00:01:01,034 --> 00:01:03,763
只有小部分船身是在水里

11
00:01:04,084 --> 00:01:07,724
这使得风扇船成为
最适合浅水域的交通工具

12
00:01:07,986 --> 00:01:09,806
尤其是在湿地和沼泽上

13
00:01:17,216 --> 00:01:21,544
为了使风扇船转向
大型方向舵会引导推进器气流

14
00:01:26,610 --> 00:01:30,725
在全速下,风扇船能达到时速100公里

15
00:01:35,381 --> 00:01:38,987
船身是以约五毫米厚的铝板做成

16
00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:43,463
工人用铝制丁字梁强化船身底板

17
00:01:43,529 --> 00:01:45,660
丁字梁的间距是18公分

18
00:01:48,476 --> 00:01:50,169
他们钳好丁字梁之后

19
00:01:50,250 --> 00:01:52,512
夹具会降下来夹紧所有零件

20
00:01:52,612 --> 00:01:54,815
让工人焊接丁字梁

21
00:01:57,898 --> 00:02:01,901
接着他们会焊上铝板,形成船身侧面

22
00:02:04,235 --> 00:02:07,226
在前方,他们会在焊接前
先把底板向上推

23
00:02:07,326 --> 00:02:09,328
让船拥有弯曲的船头

24
00:02:18,055 --> 00:02:22,442
他们在后方焊上最后一块铝板
形成腥艉架并完成船身

25
00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:25,745
他们在艉构架上焊上防溅板

26
00:02:25,845 --> 00:02:29,248
那能防止水溅进船尾

27
00:02:34,153 --> 00:02:38,909
接着他们在船头
焊上各种零件以加强结构

28
00:02:39,073 --> 00:02:41,384
并打造一个有盖储物空间

29
00:02:44,263 --> 00:02:45,365
完成之后

30
00:02:45,585 --> 00:02:49,388
他们在船身底部
锁上厚厚一块高阻聚合板

31
00:02:50,189 --> 00:02:52,172
要是船身磨到岩石

32
00:02:52,173 --> 00:02:54,774
这层板子能防止船身受损

33
00:03:06,025 --> 00:03:07,426
当聚合板固定后

34
00:03:07,526 --> 00:03:10,830
他们会在船内
涂上混合环氧树脂的漆

35
00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:13,533
这会形成一层所谓的网状漆

36
00:03:22,101 --> 00:03:25,004
他们在船外上一层底漆

37
00:03:25,157 --> 00:03:27,707
接着是两层耐用的船舶涂料

38
00:03:32,211 --> 00:03:36,416
同时其他工人也打造
并油漆了船的水上结构

39
00:03:36,666 --> 00:03:38,698
用钢管或铝管做成

40
00:03:40,814 --> 00:03:42,929
这名为索贝的结构

41
00:03:43,027 --> 00:03:47,355
能支撑机械部分
两个玻璃纤维座椅和仪表板

42
00:03:52,633 --> 00:03:56,174
他们将皮带驱动的减速器
安装在汽油引擎上

43
00:04:00,044 --> 00:04:05,145
这个减速器加上预先组装的齿轮组
能减低推进器的速度

44
00:04:05,700 --> 00:04:09,175
要是少了它
推进器会以引擎的相同速率运转

45
00:04:09,651 --> 00:04:13,208
这会超出推进器的运转极限并损坏它

46
00:04:15,815 --> 00:04:19,028
现在引擎可以装到索具后方了

47
00:04:19,520 --> 00:04:21,389
并用重型螺栓固定

48
00:04:24,635 --> 00:04:27,209
引擎下方是190公升的油箱

49
00:04:27,422 --> 00:04:30,193
最后面是铝制散热器

50
00:04:33,177 --> 00:04:35,718
然后他们把索具锁上船身的丁字梁

51
00:04:41,472 --> 00:04:44,684
接着要安装地板和一个三人长椅

52
00:04:44,784 --> 00:04:46,786
下面还有收纳空间

53
00:04:51,981 --> 00:04:55,309
船的排气系统是由不锈钢管构成

54
00:04:55,522 --> 00:04:58,965
它是以带夹和引擎的排气头段连接

55
00:05:03,903 --> 00:05:06,621
另一端是通往不锈钢消音器

56
00:05:07,408 --> 00:05:10,752
排气管会从那里伸出船尾

57
00:05:12,638 --> 00:05:14,714
接着他们要安装推进器护笼

58
00:05:14,851 --> 00:05:18,834
那是包围引擎和推进器的
不锈纲安全笼

59
00:05:19,599 --> 00:05:22,425
三片推进器叶片是碳纤维材质

60
00:05:25,507 --> 00:05:29,329
铝制方向舵会借由控制推进器气流
来使风扇船转向

61
00:05:29,835 --> 00:05:33,133
缆线或长杆会将方向舵连接到控制杆

62
00:05:35,541 --> 00:05:39,338
这种较小的风扇船
很适合打猎和钓鱼

63
00:05:40,339 --> 00:05:42,737
还有更大号的游船款

64
00:05:42,852 --> 00:05:46,196
能搭载18名
或甚至更多乘客进行短程旅行

65
00:05:59,573 --> 00:06:02,576
历史学家认为这种常见蔬菜的食用

66
00:06:02,676 --> 00:06:06,380
可回潮到史前时代
当它还生长在野外时

67
00:06:06,981 --> 00:06:09,378
后来人们学会了种植洋葱

68
00:06:09,444 --> 00:06:11,181
这种味道强烈的鳞茎植物

69
00:06:11,329 --> 00:06:15,690
便成为全世界许多古老文明的主食

70
00:06:22,215 --> 00:06:25,412
在古埃及,洋葱曾是被崇拜的对象

71
00:06:25,936 --> 00:06:28,001
它同心环般的内部结构

72
00:06:28,198 --> 00:06:30,604
象征了永恒的生命循环

73
00:06:31,261 --> 00:06:36,470
今日,机械收割机
把洋葱拉出土地并排成长排

74
00:06:36,991 --> 00:06:38,792
在放干一两天后

75
00:06:38,892 --> 00:06:42,296
牵引机会把它们集中在大篮子里存放

76
00:06:47,441 --> 00:06:48,742
为防止腐坏

77
00:06:48,842 --> 00:06:52,921
洋葱会被存放在摄氏一到两度之间

78
00:06:56,650 --> 00:06:58,352
当它们从洋葱田抵达

79
00:06:58,452 --> 00:07:00,315
第一站就是冷却隧道

80
00:07:00,463 --> 00:07:02,857
强大风扇会吹去热气

81
00:07:03,709 --> 00:07:08,086
洋葱约要五小时才能冷却到贮存温度

82
00:07:10,431 --> 00:07:14,250
农夫会把洋葱依种类和尺寸分类

83
00:07:14,545 --> 00:07:18,772
然后再装袋批发或卖到加工厂

84
00:07:24,678 --> 00:07:26,120
在加工厂

85
00:07:26,251 --> 00:07:28,169
工人把洋葱放上输送带

86
00:07:28,235 --> 00:07:30,579
前往剥皮和切割站

87
00:07:37,104 --> 00:07:41,094
切割机会同时切掉洋葱的头尾

88
00:07:41,235 --> 00:07:44,203
它也会划开洋葱皮以准备剥皮

89
00:07:48,826 --> 00:07:52,235
洋葱接着来到特别设计的剥皮机

90
00:07:53,350 --> 00:07:57,351
它利用气压和水压来剥皮

91
00:08:06,827 --> 00:08:11,106
然后洋葱会离开剥皮机
并通过品管工人面前

92
00:08:11,171 --> 00:08:14,745
他们会迅速切掉碰伤处和任何缺陷

93
00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:17,565
以及切割机和剥皮机没处理到的部分

94
00:08:24,977 --> 00:08:29,828
下一台机器用臭氧水冲洗洋葱
进行杀菌

95
00:08:32,346 --> 00:08:34,664
然后洋葱会通过金属探测器

96
00:08:34,746 --> 00:08:36,845
以防万一

97
00:08:37,851 --> 00:08:40,746
此后洋葱会兵分两路

98
00:08:41,054 --> 00:08:44,664
一是通往切片,一是通往切丁

99
00:08:45,058 --> 00:08:50,009
在切片区,工人把洋葱
放进通往切片刀片的管子里

100
00:08:50,534 --> 00:08:53,767
这些刀片可调整切割厚度

101
00:08:53,867 --> 00:08:56,436
从1点5到25毫米不等

102
00:09:00,674 --> 00:09:02,928
工人集中切好的洋葱片

103
00:09:02,994 --> 00:09:05,584
并装满2点3公斤的塑胶盘

104
00:09:10,784 --> 00:09:15,289
输送带将盘子送往一台
用保鲜膜密封它们的机器

105
00:09:15,814 --> 00:09:18,125
这种保鲜膜有微穿孔

106
00:09:18,306 --> 00:09:22,716
能让适量空气通过,好让洋葱保鲜

107
00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:28,814
同时在切丁区

108
00:09:28,904 --> 00:09:32,706
洋葱正面迎向负责切丁的回转刀

109
00:09:32,806 --> 00:09:35,831
从3到25毫米见方不等

110
00:09:37,111 --> 00:09:40,126
然后洋葱丁要浸泡冷水

111
00:09:41,114 --> 00:09:43,817
切洋葱会让洋葱组织流出汁液

112
00:09:44,258 --> 00:09:46,219
使得细菌有机会生长

113
00:09:46,519 --> 00:09:50,815
浸泡冷水的过程能逆转破坏
并恢复保存期限

114
00:09:53,527 --> 00:09:58,431
接着升降梯会把它们
从旋转干燥器送往包装部门

115
00:09:59,533 --> 00:10:04,738
自动秤会依这次要包装的分量
量出特定重量的洋葱丁

116
00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:08,849
当达到目标重量

117
00:10:08,980 --> 00:10:12,866
活门会打开
让洋葱丁落入正在等候的包装

118
00:10:16,063 --> 00:10:19,953
餐厅会购买超大包的洋葱丁

119
00:10:20,053 --> 00:10:23,571
装填机会自动把塑胶变成塑胶袋

120
00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:26,850
加上拉炼封口再密封袋子

121
00:10:34,668 --> 00:10:35,969
至于生鲜超市

122
00:10:36,069 --> 00:10:41,277
工厂会用塑胶盒
包装较小分量的洋葱丁和洋葱片

123
00:10:44,244 --> 00:10:48,147
放在冰箱冷藏时
它们至少能保鲜两周

124
00:10:48,294 --> 00:10:52,540
对忙碌的厨师来说
这是方便又不会流泪的省时妙方

125
00:11:05,273 --> 00:11:10,016
用金属打造复杂的形体
通常需要好几周时间

126
00:11:10,196 --> 00:11:14,065
利用订制铸模或精密的加工技术

127
00:11:14,311 --> 00:11:17,164
但立体金属印刷机更快也更便宜

128
00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:20,541
它们会用一层层金属粉堆砌出物体

129
00:11:20,722 --> 00:11:23,291
再用高温熔合

130
00:11:29,097 --> 00:11:32,968
立体金属印刷
能使制造复杂金属形体变得更容易

131
00:11:33,181 --> 00:11:35,542
利用全自动制程

132
00:11:36,444 --> 00:11:39,607
每个物体都是从电脑模型开始

133
00:11:40,408 --> 00:11:43,911
这是用来打造物体的制造箱

134
00:11:44,460 --> 00:11:46,592
技师把电热器插上电源

135
00:11:46,707 --> 00:11:49,903
并把超细的不锈钢粉末倒进箱子里

136
00:11:51,379 --> 00:11:53,822
热度能防止金属粉末结块

137
00:11:56,641 --> 00:11:58,726
他把箱子堆进机器里

138
00:11:59,027 --> 00:12:02,030
并在进料箱内倒进更多不锈钢粉末

139
00:12:02,130 --> 00:12:04,332
这在稍后会需要用到

140
00:12:08,736 --> 00:12:12,937
机器将第一层不锈钢粉末
拨进制造箱里

141
00:12:18,846 --> 00:12:22,550
管子将黏合物质送往机器的印刷头

142
00:12:23,551 --> 00:12:25,953
这种黏合剂就像薄胶

143
00:12:26,053 --> 00:12:29,086
印刷头会注出非常细的喷柱

144
00:12:35,162 --> 00:12:38,955
当印刷头在不锈钢粉末层上来回移动

145
00:12:39,233 --> 00:12:43,595
它会在电脑指定的确切位置上
注出黏合剂

146
00:12:50,278 --> 00:12:53,989
当印刷头印好物体的完整设计

147
00:12:54,300 --> 00:12:57,727
强大的高架加热器
能确保那层粉末完全干燥

148
00:13:02,874 --> 00:13:05,218
滚子会滚上新的一层粉末

149
00:13:05,251 --> 00:13:07,186
厚度只有几分之一毫米

150
00:13:10,039 --> 00:13:12,901
然后印刷头会加上另一层黏合剂

151
00:13:13,858 --> 00:13:16,252
这会由下而上打造出物体来

152
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:22,810
印刷过程需要好几个小时

153
00:13:31,580 --> 00:13:33,221
当层次印刷完成后

154
00:13:33,321 --> 00:13:35,416
他们把制造箱放进硬化炉

155
00:13:35,548 --> 00:13:39,227
用摄氏180度加热24小时

156
00:13:39,627 --> 00:13:43,030
这会除去所有水分并强化黏合剂

157
00:13:45,122 --> 00:13:48,036
当他们吸出松散的粉末
物体就会显现

158
00:13:48,368 --> 00:13:52,040
它的不锈钢分子
是经由黏合剂轻轻黏接起来

159
00:13:54,483 --> 00:13:57,845
他们轻轻吹气,以除去多余的粉末

160
00:14:00,861 --> 00:14:03,551
这时物体非常多孔

161
00:14:03,651 --> 00:14:06,053
其中包含约四成的空气

162
00:14:06,845 --> 00:14:10,664
它非常脆弱很轻易就能被手捏碎

163
00:14:19,266 --> 00:14:21,042
使用更多不锈钢粉末

164
00:14:21,288 --> 00:14:22,871
他们为另一个箱子做准备

165
00:14:22,971 --> 00:14:25,059
物体将会在此被注入青铜

166
00:14:26,845 --> 00:14:28,476
他们正在制造支撑结构

167
00:14:28,478 --> 00:14:32,279
好在下一个阶段用来支撑物件

168
00:14:43,273 --> 00:14:46,535
他们小心地在箱内装满氧化铝颗粒

169
00:14:46,794 --> 00:14:50,097
它会在灌注过程中支撑物件

170
00:14:53,683 --> 00:14:56,240
这片屏障能防止颗粒漏出

171
00:14:58,979 --> 00:15:01,108
现在他们倒入青铜粉耒

172
00:15:05,602 --> 00:15:11,241
然后物件要进入熔炉
用摄氏1千1百度加热24小时

173
00:15:11,819 --> 00:15:13,321
这会熔化青铜

174
00:15:13,570 --> 00:15:17,061
青铜接着便被吸入物件当中
就像海绵吸水一样

175
00:15:20,242 --> 00:15:23,815
注入青铜的物件如今已是坚固金属

176
00:15:25,816 --> 00:15:27,783
他们用榔头敲掉基座

177
00:15:38,538 --> 00:15:43,030
只花了几天时间
便打造出这块设计精密的金属

178
00:15:44,051 --> 00:15:48,620
现在它已能进行抛光,镀金或烤漆
以搭配任何装饰

179
00:15:51,818 --> 00:15:55,663
无论是打造精致门把或花俏雕塑

180
00:15:55,981 --> 00:15:59,047
立体金属印刷比传统方法更迅速

181
00:15:59,227 --> 00:16:01,211
费用也便宜许多

182
00:16:11,454 --> 00:16:14,857
为了在厨房或浴室创造典雅风格

183
00:16:15,048 --> 00:16:19,061
装潢者通常会采用传统材质
像是木头或大理石

184
00:16:19,490 --> 00:16:21,524
弧形柜门能加强这种效果

185
00:16:21,737 --> 00:16:24,466
但它们的独特风格也较昂贵

186
00:16:24,639 --> 00:16:29,622
因为这些典雅柜门
大都必须特别订购并手工打造

187
00:16:35,277 --> 00:16:38,852
这间工厂生产的柜门
大都是特别订制

188
00:16:42,393 --> 00:16:44,386
它们通常是从草图开始

189
00:16:44,487 --> 00:16:47,489
工厂会把它转化成工程制图

190
00:16:48,951 --> 00:16:52,689
然后他们会用制图
为自动木工机械设定程式

191
00:16:54,896 --> 00:16:57,400
切好他们所需的木材后

192
00:16:57,500 --> 00:16:59,501
他们会把每片木材送进刨机

193
00:17:02,404 --> 00:17:06,208
它会同时磨滑上下两面

194
00:17:08,210 --> 00:17:12,083
柜门是由中心板加上周围框架所组成

195
00:17:13,015 --> 00:17:14,624
这台名为铸模机的机器

196
00:17:14,772 --> 00:17:17,051
白金雕刻框架的两个垂直件

197
00:17:17,150 --> 00:17:21,051
并在一边刻出接槽,用来安装中心板

198
00:17:23,133 --> 00:17:24,854
为打造中心板

199
00:17:24,936 --> 00:17:28,576
工人把木板送进木工刨床
把边缘刨成斜面

200
00:17:30,331 --> 00:17:35,527
当木板排列在一起
斜面的角度会让它们形成弧线

201
00:17:40,142 --> 00:17:42,790
在把木材修成中心板长度后

202
00:17:42,971 --> 00:17:45,594
另一名工人把木材送进上胶器

203
00:17:45,675 --> 00:17:47,971
在斜面边缘涂上黏着剂

204
00:17:51,953 --> 00:17:54,656
然后她把木材排上装配架

205
00:17:54,756 --> 00:17:57,660
它已经调整成中心板的宽度和半径

206
00:18:03,566 --> 00:18:05,067
当一切都就定位

207
00:18:05,167 --> 00:18:09,004
她用夹钳把所有木材夹紧在一起

208
00:18:10,973 --> 00:18:13,075
黏胶会在20分钟内凝固

209
00:18:18,881 --> 00:18:21,283
当黏胶完全凝固之后

210
00:18:21,383 --> 00:18:23,785
中心板要来到电脑控制的起槽机

211
00:18:25,287 --> 00:18:29,022
它会把中心板的两边
磨成平滑无缝的表面

212
00:18:34,038 --> 00:18:36,710
这扇门拥有凹面曲线

213
00:18:37,087 --> 00:18:41,596
其他门可以是凸面曲线
或s形的弓面曲线

214
00:18:48,629 --> 00:18:52,314
同一台起槽机
现在会自动换到不同种类的工具

215
00:18:52,414 --> 00:18:54,384
并处理木板边缘

216
00:18:56,018 --> 00:18:59,826
它也会刻出一个凸榫
用来嵌进框架的接槽

217
00:19:02,324 --> 00:19:04,679
这台机器接着可以装用另一种工具

218
00:19:04,794 --> 00:19:09,007
刻出订制图案或顾客想要的字母

219
00:19:10,432 --> 00:19:13,135
(制造的原理)

220
00:19:14,466 --> 00:19:18,140
接着电脑工制的砂磨机
会磨平中心板

221
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:21,243
为稍后的染色或油漆做准备

222
00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:32,955
制造框架的水平件
比制造垂直件更为复杂

223
00:19:33,055 --> 00:19:36,730
因为上下都必须像中心板一样弯曲

224
00:19:38,460 --> 00:19:41,864
工人在薄木板上涂上热熔胶

225
00:19:42,074 --> 00:19:44,967
再叠上压制机的弧形模具

226
00:19:50,075 --> 00:19:52,862
压制机把薄木板压在一起

227
00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,895
然后高频率电流会产生高温

228
00:20:01,985 --> 00:20:03,486
使得黏胶活化

229
00:20:05,584 --> 00:20:07,889
黏合的薄木板离开压制机时

230
00:20:07,989 --> 00:20:10,592
看来就像单单一块弯曲的木板

231
00:20:12,495 --> 00:20:13,796
当黏胶凝固后

232
00:20:13,928 --> 00:20:18,800
电脑控制的起槽机
会把它刻成和垂直件一样的装饰风格

233
00:20:19,802 --> 00:20:21,603
它也会把边角切成斜面

234
00:20:21,703 --> 00:20:25,683
让水平和直立框架件
能天衣无缝地接合

235
00:20:27,509 --> 00:20:30,421
现在只需把框架和中心板黏合

236
00:20:31,044 --> 00:20:33,323
中心板周围的凸榫

237
00:20:33,471 --> 00:20:36,356
会恰好嵌进每个框架件的接槽

238
00:20:40,980 --> 00:20:43,125
现在工人把所有木材夹在一起

239
00:20:43,225 --> 00:20:45,422
并让黏胶凝固半小时

240
00:20:46,628 --> 00:20:50,032
然后柜门就能进行油漆或染色

241
00:20:55,128 --> 00:20:58,751
这间工厂用十种不同的木材
打造弧形柜门

242
00:20:58,941 --> 00:21:01,029
颜色和风格也很多元

243
00:21:01,193 --> 00:21:04,406
打开了无限的设计可能性

244
00:21:11,753 --> 00:21:15,658
翻译:sdi  media