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制造的原理

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在本集“制造的原理”中

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伸缩原子笔

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日晒盐

5
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以及低音号

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================
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=====================
摘  订  : gblim

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原子笔的设计

8
00:00:55,362 --> 00:00:58,182
是为了解决钢笔的诸多恼人之处

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像是必须用慢干又容易弄脏的墨水
手工填充吸墨管

10
00:01:04,123 --> 00:01:07,027
原子笔的笔尖有颗小钢珠

11
00:01:07,127 --> 00:01:10,281
能从现成笔芯流出速干墨水

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00:01:15,610 --> 00:01:19,052
当这种伸缩原子笔的墨水用完时

13
00:01:19,118 --> 00:01:21,298
只要更换新的墨水笔芯就行了

14
00:01:22,742 --> 00:01:24,528
从最初设计开始

15
00:01:24,675 --> 00:01:28,364
制笔工厂会制造
所有原子笔塑胶零件的模具

16
00:01:31,251 --> 00:01:34,823
首先射出成型机
会把热液态塑胶射进模具

17
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制造笔杆的坚硬核心

18
00:01:36,725 --> 00:01:39,659
再射进其他模具制造柔软的橡胶握把

19
00:01:41,890 --> 00:01:45,152
墨水笔芯的管子也是用塑胶做成

20
00:01:46,666 --> 00:01:49,168
机器把它们排成相同方向

21
00:01:49,611 --> 00:01:53,054
再印上公司名称,型号和笔尖尺寸

22
00:01:57,577 --> 00:02:01,497
在这里,装填机会从尖端
注入0.8克的墨水

23
00:02:02,883 --> 00:02:04,884
为防止墨水蒸发

24
00:02:04,984 --> 00:02:08,890
它会用0.1克的硅酮塞住另一端

25
00:02:10,907 --> 00:02:17,055
同时高精度机器
会逐步用不锈钢胚料塑出笔尖

26
00:02:21,100 --> 00:02:24,482
机器会在球料上钻出一毫米的管道

27
00:02:24,777 --> 00:02:28,400
然后迅速把笔尖塑成圆锥形

28
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在滚珠座里切出五条细小墨水道

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再在中间装进直径一毫米的不锈钢珠

30
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另一台机器会把完成的笔尖
嵌入每根填好墨水的管子

31
00:02:49,629 --> 00:02:53,336
然后扫描机会检查
每根笔芯的长度和钢珠

32
00:02:54,827 --> 00:03:00,041
这个放大画面显示了
五条墨水道比起人发的宽度

33
00:03:01,241 --> 00:03:03,877
随机样本会经过气压测试

34
00:03:04,008 --> 00:03:06,254
检查钢珠的位置和活动

35
00:03:06,402 --> 00:03:09,249
稍有缺失就会堵塞笔墨

36
00:03:11,450 --> 00:03:14,454
他们用塑胶盖盖好笔芯末端

37
00:03:18,658 --> 00:03:20,760
现在笔芯要进入离心机

38
00:03:21,042 --> 00:03:22,976
使墨水流到笔尖

39
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肖除任何会阻碍墨流的气泡

40
00:03:32,973 --> 00:03:36,176
根笔芯都会通过这台书写测试机

41
00:03:36,928 --> 00:03:38,485
那束蓝光是感应器

42
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能引发机器丢弃任何有缺陷的笔芯

43
00:03:45,978 --> 00:03:48,879
现在所有零件要在装配部门进行组装

44
00:03:49,912 --> 00:03:52,992
机器会组装笔夹,套管和笔杆

45
00:03:53,893 --> 00:03:56,700
笔夹是用镀铬弹簧钢做成

46
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这种坚固金属在弯曲时
能迅速恢复原形

47
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接着机器会把组件翻过来
以安装内部零件

48
00:04:05,536 --> 00:04:08,508
首先是分成两部分的按钮装置

49
00:04:10,044 --> 00:04:12,512
第一部分是塑胶按钮

50
00:04:13,713 --> 00:04:16,176
第二部分则是转子

51
00:04:16,716 --> 00:04:20,620
每按压一次
它就会把填充笔芯转动45度

52
00:04:20,622 --> 00:04:22,522
让笔尖能平均耗损

53
00:04:24,924 --> 00:04:27,427
笔芯以尖端朝上放进去

54
00:04:27,527 --> 00:04:29,929
后面的塞子会装进转子里

55
00:04:32,632 --> 00:04:36,357
这个装置会把弹簧钢丝送进卷筒

56
00:04:37,336 --> 00:04:42,013
这会做出一枚小弹簧
为按钮装置提供阻力

57
00:04:44,744 --> 00:04:47,847
爪钩把弹簧套上笔芯尖端

58
00:04:56,055 --> 00:04:59,522
现在他们要套上笔管下半部

59
00:05:02,101 --> 00:05:05,905
机器会把两个部分拴至特定紧度

60
00:05:06,982 --> 00:05:10,064
最后的组装机会测试按钮装置

61
00:05:10,146 --> 00:05:12,785
确保它能正常收缩笔尖

62
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这也是为包装作准备

63
00:05:16,228 --> 00:05:19,097
它会把笔尖收缩的原子笔装进盒子里

64
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工厂会随机抽样进行耐力测试

65
00:05:29,789 --> 00:05:33,425
这个装置会按压按钮十万次

66
00:05:34,294 --> 00:05:37,096
然后印刷机才会在笔杆上印上商标

67
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这家公司的墨水道和笔尖工学

68
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生产出的笔芯平均可连续书写四公里

69
00:05:59,514 --> 00:06:01,816
盐有三种来源

70
00:06:01,916 --> 00:06:04,918
盐矿,曾是海床的土地

71
00:06:05,019 --> 00:06:07,321
还有来自海洋和咸水湖

72
00:06:07,822 --> 00:06:10,952
盐厂会透过蒸发从水里提取盐分

73
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不论是靠机器还是天然方法

74
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让太阳施展魔力并产生所谓的日晒盐

75
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这一大块盐晶

76
00:06:25,346 --> 00:06:27,838
是来自美国犹他州的大盐湖

77
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满水位时的湖水比海水还咸七倍

78
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采盐者从浅浅的结晶池里挖出盐
并装上卡车

79
00:06:49,564 --> 00:06:52,766
那是长达两年的蒸发周期成果

80
00:06:52,866 --> 00:06:55,085
称为卤水的湖水

81
00:06:55,315 --> 00:06:59,273
会在一连串卤水池里慢慢蒸发

82
00:06:59,573 --> 00:07:03,725
剩下的就是一层30公分深的盐晶

83
00:07:14,488 --> 00:07:18,092
卡车把盐倒上盐厂的输送系统

84
00:07:19,493 --> 00:07:21,796
第一站是冲洗站

85
00:07:21,896 --> 00:07:24,677
以移除污染物,像是水藻和尘土

86
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用清水会使盐溶解

87
00:07:28,382 --> 00:07:30,804
所以它们会用湖水冲洗盐晶

88
00:07:33,507 --> 00:07:38,907
接着热风干燥机
会在三分半内移除水分和盐尘

89
00:07:44,514 --> 00:07:48,022
然后盐晶会经过一连串分类筛

90
00:07:48,122 --> 00:07:50,324
筛孔会越来越小

91
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这会把盐晶分成三级

92
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粗粒,中粒和细粒

93
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每一级会来到不同的输送带
送往指定储仓

94
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盐厂会用中粒盐来制造软水剂

95
00:08:18,552 --> 00:08:21,556
这台压制机会把晶体压成颗粒

96
00:08:21,656 --> 00:08:25,860
并加上某些添加物增强软水剂性能

97
00:08:28,062 --> 00:08:31,221
有些市政供水含有大量矿物质

98
00:08:31,467 --> 00:08:34,368
这种硬水会使肥皂难以起泡

99
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并在水槽,浴缸和马桶留下污渍

100
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盐会引起化学反应并溶解问题矿物质

101
00:08:50,384 --> 00:08:54,488
盐厂会把作为软水剂的日晒盐装袋

102
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它也会生产其他多种日晒盐产品

103
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像是泳池用盐

104
00:09:01,813 --> 00:09:03,994
冬天用来融化路面结冰的铺路盐

105
00:09:04,043 --> 00:09:06,158
当然还有食盐

106
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盐厂的自动包装设备
会用纸袋和塑胶袋来包装

107
00:09:21,470 --> 00:09:24,781
这家公司也会把日晒盐卖给几种工业

108
00:09:24,961 --> 00:09:28,125
用来制造洗洁剂等产品

109
00:09:30,123 --> 00:09:32,175
另外还有农业市场

110
00:09:32,979 --> 00:09:36,946
农夫会买日晒盐块
包括纯盐或有添加矿物质的盐

111
00:09:37,044 --> 00:09:39,208
作为牲畜养料

112
00:09:39,933 --> 00:09:43,237
盐厂也生产不同的盐和矿物配方

113
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每种都会被染成不同颜色以便区分

114
00:09:59,153 --> 00:10:00,854
为生产牲畜用盐

115
00:10:00,856 --> 00:10:05,358
机器一次会把23公斤的盐
装进块状模具

116
00:10:05,849 --> 00:10:08,964
压制机会施加750吨的压力

117
00:10:09,144 --> 00:10:11,064
把盐晶压成盐块

118
00:10:14,268 --> 00:10:16,971
农夫只要把盐块放在牲畜之间

119
00:10:17,259 --> 00:10:20,374
它们就能舔食盐块以摄取钠

120
00:10:36,189 --> 00:10:39,093
标签会标明盐块种类

121
00:10:39,654 --> 00:10:44,097
这种盐块内含碘以预防甲状腺肿

122
00:10:45,490 --> 00:10:48,302
美味又有疗效的牛点心

123
00:10:48,402 --> 00:10:51,405
都多亏咸水湖和阳光

124
00:11:05,773 --> 00:11:08,876
低音号是铜管家族中最大的乐器

125
00:11:08,976 --> 00:11:11,178
音域也最低

126
00:11:11,478 --> 00:11:14,672
知名管弦乐作曲家
从史特拉汶斯基到盖希文

127
00:11:14,754 --> 00:11:18,935
在他们最出名的一些作品中
低音号都有非常重要的演出

128
00:11:19,574 --> 00:11:23,427
有些作曲家甚至曾为低音号
写过完整的协奏曲

129
00:11:28,396 --> 00:11:32,361
低音号是用黄铜做成
有时会镀银或镀金

130
00:11:33,362 --> 00:11:35,608
构造包括活塞和发音管

131
00:11:35,804 --> 00:11:37,509
底端是喇叭形扬音管

132
00:11:39,406 --> 00:11:43,788
喇叭口是从直径55公分的
黄铜圆盘开始做起

133
00:11:45,641 --> 00:11:48,346
他们会用各种工具和心轴

134
00:11:48,510 --> 00:11:51,756
把黄铜圆盘变成初步的喇叭形

135
00:11:55,122 --> 00:11:58,723
他们用砂纸磨去工具留下的任何痕迹

136
00:11:59,396 --> 00:12:01,183
然后在中间打洞

137
00:12:08,336 --> 00:12:11,438
为制造连接喇叭口的锥尾

138
00:12:11,538 --> 00:12:15,542
他们在尾状心轴周围
折弯并敲打一片黄铜薄板

139
00:12:18,888 --> 00:12:22,249
为接合接缝,他们在一边刻出凹痕

140
00:12:22,349 --> 00:12:24,551
并和另一边敲打在一起

141
00:12:29,725 --> 00:12:34,561
接着工匠用高温气炬
熔化接缝上的熔填金属

142
00:12:34,906 --> 00:12:36,840
此程序称为铜焊

143
00:12:41,068 --> 00:12:43,677
然后他们用木槌完成整个形状

144
00:12:45,398 --> 00:12:48,375
他们用压力滚筒压平木槌敲打的凹痕

145
00:12:48,476 --> 00:12:50,464
并进一步琢磨表面

146
00:12:51,979 --> 00:12:56,383
当他们在较宽的一端刻上凹痕
他们会把它装上喇叭口

147
00:12:57,972 --> 00:13:02,022
他们涂上助熔剂,为铜焊表面作准备

148
00:13:02,284 --> 00:13:04,292
再把这两部分焊在一起

149
00:13:11,252 --> 00:13:14,924
他们敲平所有凹痕并焊接整圈接缝

150
00:13:16,103 --> 00:13:19,973
现在这个扬音管要回到车床上

151
00:13:20,449 --> 00:13:24,695
他们用带式砂磨机
把所有接缝磨到和表面齐平

152
00:13:27,171 --> 00:13:28,498
在另一条心轴上

153
00:13:28,564 --> 00:13:32,580
他们用润滑油作辅助
为扬音管的形状作最后处理

154
00:13:36,604 --> 00:13:39,306
现在他们要把边缘修成正确直径

155
00:13:42,229 --> 00:13:43,761
稍微向后弯曲

156
00:13:46,834 --> 00:13:49,236
用砂磨头抛光边缘

157
00:13:49,516 --> 00:13:53,205
再用特制工具把边缘翻转过来

158
00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:55,893
形成所谓的喇叭口缘

159
00:13:56,041 --> 00:13:58,024
它能加强扬音管的边缘

160
00:13:58,188 --> 00:14:01,448
同时也给乐器这一端精致的外观

161
00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:07,730
电脑导引的雕刻机
在扬音管刻上公司商标和型号

162
00:14:11,858 --> 00:14:17,064
每具低音号约100根的铜管
都必须被折成特定形状

163
00:14:18,665 --> 00:14:21,862
首先要在管内填满热液态沥青

164
00:14:21,977 --> 00:14:23,731
它在冷却时会凝固

165
00:14:25,534 --> 00:14:28,575
这能防止铜管在被折弯时遭折塌

166
00:14:30,617 --> 00:14:34,584
在折弯之后
铜管要进入烤箱熔掉沥青

167
00:14:37,699 --> 00:14:42,240
某些弯曲铜管
会在吹油液压机中被扩大

168
00:14:43,338 --> 00:14:45,993
它会以高压在管内注油

169
00:14:46,193 --> 00:14:49,496
使管壁向外扩大并推挤冲模

170
00:14:49,696 --> 00:14:51,799
迫使它呈现新形状

171
00:15:04,712 --> 00:15:08,175
有些弯曲铜管是圆锥形
有些则是圆柱形

172
00:15:09,864 --> 00:15:13,373
圆柱形铜管必须经过疏通

173
00:15:15,274 --> 00:15:19,586
这台机器会迫使适当直径的钢珠
穿过铜管

174
00:15:20,307 --> 00:15:22,979
这能扩大任何过窄的部分

175
00:15:34,193 --> 00:15:39,013
在折弯之前
有些铜管必须经过拉制机调整尺寸

176
00:15:40,981 --> 00:15:42,735
在润滑油辅助下

177
00:15:43,152 --> 00:15:47,063
它会把铜管拉进内心轴和外垫圈之间

178
00:15:47,981 --> 00:15:51,558
这能让铜管形成
正确的直径和管壁厚度

179
00:15:51,899 --> 00:15:54,080
同时也会把它拉长

180
00:16:11,974 --> 00:16:14,076
低音号有好几种

181
00:16:14,176 --> 00:16:18,481
例如降b调低音号
长度将近是五公尺半

182
00:16:18,681 --> 00:16:22,184
F调低音号则是三公尺半

183
00:16:22,584 --> 00:16:25,587
低音号的活塞从三到六枚不等

184
00:16:25,934 --> 00:16:29,278
按下不同的活塞组合能产生不同音符

185
00:16:34,897 --> 00:16:39,705
打造活塞部分时
他们会在活塞壁里安装关节

186
00:16:45,492 --> 00:16:48,673
间隔件能让活塞壁之间保持适当距离

187
00:16:49,111 --> 00:16:53,345
同时这块对准盘
会把活塞壁固定在正确位置

188
00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:59,922
接着他们装上接头

189
00:17:00,022 --> 00:17:03,034
稍后才能连接活塞和乐器的其他部分

190
00:17:04,526 --> 00:17:06,529
把零件硬焊在一起之后

191
00:17:06,629 --> 00:17:09,739
他们置入铣刀以挖空活塞壁

192
00:17:12,182 --> 00:17:16,740
由此你可以看到活塞壁内部
在切割前后的样子

193
00:17:18,969 --> 00:17:22,144
现在他们要开始焊接活塞部分的铜管

194
00:17:22,243 --> 00:17:24,592
由活塞壁开始向外焊接

195
00:17:32,412 --> 00:17:36,357
低音号的骨架部分
是由好几根u形管组成

196
00:17:36,593 --> 00:17:39,134
工人用连接环组装它们

197
00:17:46,249 --> 00:17:49,471
他们在这个骨架内装进支架

198
00:17:54,529 --> 00:17:58,168
再把扣耳放在
稍后要安装活塞部分的地方

199
00:17:59,641 --> 00:18:02,944
他们先钳紧扣耳再把它焊上铜管

200
00:18:15,119 --> 00:18:17,799
然后他们把扬音管连接骨架

201
00:18:19,301 --> 00:18:21,203
在加装上活塞部分前

202
00:18:21,303 --> 00:18:24,707
他们先为目前组装好的部分
进行初步抛光

203
00:18:39,922 --> 00:18:44,927
他们在抛光轮无法抛光的地方
刷上抛光剂

204
00:18:45,227 --> 00:18:47,416
再用抹布擦亮这些地方

205
00:18:58,740 --> 00:19:03,645
然后再进行最后的整体抛光
直到黄铜亮得像镜子一样

206
00:19:12,854 --> 00:19:16,058
同时要继续组装活塞部分

207
00:19:17,159 --> 00:19:21,363
首先他们用螺旋盖
盖好每个活塞壁的底部

208
00:19:24,767 --> 00:19:28,770
再放入弹簧以提供活塞阻力

209
00:19:31,073 --> 00:19:32,574
接着是活塞

210
00:19:37,074 --> 00:19:38,747
用毛毡作缓冲

211
00:19:39,042 --> 00:19:42,785
盖上顶盖,再放上另一层缓冲毛毡

212
00:19:43,304 --> 00:19:45,087
最后要安装按钮

213
00:19:49,091 --> 00:19:52,394
上一点油
确保所有按钮都能顺利移动

214
00:19:52,895 --> 00:19:58,075
里面的毛毡能防止活塞
在上下移动时发出撞击声

215
00:20:02,504 --> 00:20:04,706
现在是低音号的调音管

216
00:20:05,107 --> 00:20:07,509
一层油能协助它们内外移动

217
00:20:07,715 --> 00:20:11,027
以增减调音管的总长度

218
00:20:12,568 --> 00:20:14,717
缩短调音管能让声音变高

219
00:20:14,917 --> 00:20:16,978
增长调音管则会让声音变低

220
00:20:18,420 --> 00:20:23,011
现在他们把完成的活塞部分
拴上组装好的骨架和扬音管

221
00:20:24,044 --> 00:20:26,224
再安装主要调音管

222
00:20:30,733 --> 00:20:33,034
最后是低音号的吹嘴

223
00:20:33,503 --> 00:20:37,238
它是用镍银做的
不像其他部分都是黄铜

224
00:20:40,422 --> 00:20:43,445
他们在整具乐器上喷上清洁液

225
00:20:43,545 --> 00:20:46,548
清除任何残留油渍和指纹

226
00:20:49,951 --> 00:20:51,353
在组装之前

227
00:20:51,504 --> 00:20:54,756
每一部分都经过清洁
并涂上一层透明漆

228
00:20:54,881 --> 00:20:58,620
确保低音号不仅声音好听
外观也很漂亮

229
00:21:12,674 --> 00:21:16,678
翻译:sdi  media