1
00:02:06,259 --> 00:02:08,693
以前有一个称为粟特的民族


2
00:02:09,329 --> 00:02:13,354
几乎完全掌管丝绸之路上
东西方的贸易

3
00:02:14,033 --> 00:02:18,590
时至今日 粟特族
被认为已经湮没于世上

4
00:02:19,205 --> 00:02:21,230
在历史的洪流中消失


5
00:02:27,147 --> 00:02:30,947
考古学家在唐代都城长安进行挖掘


6
00:02:31,985 --> 00:02:34,112
他们发现很多这类塑像


7
00:02:34,888 --> 00:02:37,356
据说这些拉着骆驼的西域人


8
00:02:37,957 --> 00:02:41,154
轮廓五官酷似粟特人


9
00:02:41,995 --> 00:02:44,589
他们留有大胡子 眼睛深邃


10
00:02:45,265 --> 00:02:47,233
摄制队在前苏联境内


11
00:02:47,901 --> 00:02:49,926
见过很多人的五官特征


12
00:02:50,403 --> 00:02:53,770
仿佛有西域骆驼商旅塑像的影子


13
00:02:54,774 --> 00:02:57,470
已经湮没的商旅民族粟特族的后裔


14
00:02:58,111 --> 00:03:00,477
可能住在前苏联境内


15
00:03:27,907 --> 00:03:30,967
塔吉克斯坦 又称为塔吉克共和国


16
00:03:31,844 --> 00:03:33,072
位于中亚腹地


17
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东面与中国接壤


18
00:03:36,049 --> 00:03:38,210
南面则与阿富汗为邻


19
00:03:42,021 --> 00:03:43,420
塔吉克共和国的国土


20
00:03:43,923 --> 00:03:45,754
有九成以上是高山


21
00:03:48,895 --> 00:03:50,658
根据摄制队取得的资料


22
00:03:51,130 --> 00:03:54,258
塔吉克境内仍然有人讲粟特语


23
00:03:55,134 --> 00:03:58,126
曾几何时 粟特语在中亚一带通行


24
00:03:59,005 --> 00:04:01,473
由东面的蒙古到西面的波斯


25
00:04:02,141 --> 00:04:05,474
粟特语是丝绸之路上的主要语言


26
00:04:06,312 --> 00:04:08,371
后来随着粟特民族衰落


27
00:04:09,048 --> 00:04:11,312
粟特语也渐渐没落


28
00:04:17,790 --> 00:04:20,258
塔吉克共和国的首府杜尚别


29
00:04:20,927 --> 00:04:22,656
位于一个山谷之内


30
00:04:23,263 --> 00:04:25,823
首都北面是吉萨尔山脉


31
00:04:26,799 --> 00:04:29,290
杜尚别目前有人口五十二万


32
00:04:29,969 --> 00:04:32,437
在前苏联爆发共产革命之前


33
00:04:33,139 --> 00:04:35,573
这里只不过是一个小村庄


34
00:04:36,175 --> 00:04:37,836
只有几百人居住


35
00:04:38,378 --> 00:04:39,470
在前苏联统治下


36
00:04:39,979 --> 00:04:42,038
杜尚别由一个小村庄


37
00:04:42,515 --> 00:04:44,506
慢慢发展成中亚南部地区的


38
00:04:45,184 --> 00:04:47,846
工业重镇兼交通枢纽


39
00:05:09,042 --> 00:05:11,374
杜尚别有不同的民族聚居


40
00:05:12,045 --> 00:05:14,673
包括塔吉克族、乌兹别克族


41
00:05:15,315 --> 00:05:18,944
俄罗斯族、鞑靼族和奥塞梯族


42
00:05:19,952 --> 00:05:23,683
其中只有塔吉克族属于东伊朗族系


43
00:05:24,891 --> 00:05:28,122
塔吉克族跟粟特族有深厚的渊源


44
00:05:28,928 --> 00:05:31,658
粟特族本来聚居于伊朗东部


45
00:05:33,499 --> 00:05:35,057
他们鼻高眼深的特征


46
00:05:35,735 --> 00:05:37,794
与其他民族截然不同


47
00:05:56,789 --> 00:05:59,656
这位做梳子的工匠在路边摆档


48
00:06:00,326 --> 00:06:03,022
他正用一块桑木做梳子


49
00:06:03,863 --> 00:06:06,354
这种梳子专门用来梳理胡须


50
00:06:27,754 --> 00:06:30,951
当地人称这种户外茶居为茶卡那


51
00:06:31,991 --> 00:06:35,188
杜尚别的男人最喜欢在茶居喝茶


52
00:06:36,529 --> 00:06:37,996
摄制队在杜尚别市内


53
00:06:38,498 --> 00:06:40,796
找不到粟特人的踪影


54
00:06:41,968 --> 00:06:42,662
塔吉克人说


55
00:06:43,035 --> 00:06:44,969
虽然他们是粟特人的后裔


56
00:06:45,438 --> 00:06:47,565
但是他们没听过粟特语


57
00:06:48,241 --> 00:06:50,368
也没见过粟特文字


58
00:06:51,144 --> 00:06:54,238
看起来 粟特这个名字只属于过去


59
00:06:55,114 --> 00:06:57,742
而且已经长埋黄土之下


60
00:07:06,426 --> 00:07:07,290
昔日的粟特族


61
00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:10,194
居住在索格底亚那地区


62
00:07:10,930 --> 00:07:15,230
包括撒马尔罕、布哈拉和彭基肯特


63
00:07:16,469 --> 00:07:17,697
粟特人每到一个地方


64
00:07:18,204 --> 00:07:21,298
就建立社区 作为贸易根据地


65
00:07:22,074 --> 00:07:23,405
在中国境内多个城市


66
00:07:23,910 --> 00:07:25,241
都出土了粟特人建立的


67
00:07:25,745 --> 00:07:28,077
商贸根据地遗迹


68
00:07:28,714 --> 00:07:31,182
包括酒泉、敦煌和哈密


69
00:07:31,951 --> 00:07:34,579
粟特人是出色的国际商贸专家


70
00:07:35,955 --> 00:07:38,355
摄制队重踏粟特人的足迹


71
00:07:39,091 --> 00:07:42,083
离开杜尚别 沿瓦尔佐布河走


72
00:07:42,862 --> 00:07:44,557
越过吉萨尔山脉


73
00:07:57,910 --> 00:08:00,037
这条路一直通往彭基肯特


74
00:08:00,847 --> 00:08:04,078
那里有个曾盛极一时的粟特人城堡


75
00:08:07,954 --> 00:08:10,252
在塔吉克共和国西部边陲地带


76
00:08:10,890 --> 00:08:13,518
有一个占地十三公顷的古城


77
00:08:14,193 --> 00:08:15,922
埋藏于山丘之下


78
00:08:16,863 --> 00:08:19,730
粟特人在五世纪末六世纪初期间


79
00:08:20,399 --> 00:08:24,028
建立了这个中世纪城市--彭基肯特


80
00:08:25,371 --> 00:08:26,861
绿洲城市彭基肯特


81
00:08:27,373 --> 00:08:28,465
与东面的中国有联系


82
00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:31,399
亦与西面的波斯


83
00:08:31,911 --> 00:08:34,379
和拜占庭帝国有往来


84
00:08:35,081 --> 00:08:37,572
是丝路东西方贸易的枢纽


85
00:08:53,065 --> 00:08:55,397
彭基肯特古城的挖掘和考古工作


86
00:08:56,035 --> 00:08:57,559
于一九四六年开始


87
00:09:17,857 --> 00:09:18,881
城墙内的古迹


88
00:09:19,225 --> 00:09:21,284
有四分之一已经出土


89
00:09:21,994 --> 00:09:22,756
在挖掘期间


90
00:09:23,095 --> 00:09:26,326
考古学家发现一幢幢两层高的砖屋


91
00:09:27,233 --> 00:09:29,167
相信那些是公卿侯爵


92
00:09:29,835 --> 00:09:31,860
和平民百姓的居所


93
00:09:32,405 --> 00:09:33,030
根据推测


94
00:09:33,339 --> 00:09:36,331
古城内有庙宇、会堂和集市


95
00:09:37,276 --> 00:09:40,040
在城的西面还有一个关卡


96
00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:43,446
这些都是粟特人国际商业活动


97
00:09:44,083 --> 00:09:45,778
多样化的有力证据


98
00:10:04,503 --> 00:10:06,471
彭基肯特古城的考古工作


99
00:10:07,139 --> 00:10:09,437
由列宁格勒东方学研究院的


100
00:10:10,109 --> 00:10:12,043
马沙克教授主理


101
00:10:12,745 --> 00:10:15,043
教授说彭基肯特之所以衰落


102
00:10:15,548 --> 00:10:16,276
主要是因为


103
00:10:16,749 --> 00:10:19,183
在八世纪被阿拉伯人侵略


104
00:10:23,255 --> 00:10:25,553
阿拉伯人入城之后放火焚城


105
00:10:26,292 --> 00:10:28,317
彭基肯特的都城付诸一炬


106
00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:30,189
体无完肤


107
00:10:34,433 --> 00:10:37,459
这根参天巨柱上刻有花叶式图案


108
00:10:38,270 --> 00:10:41,239
它一定是顶不住大火蹂躏而倒塌


109
00:10:51,017 --> 00:10:53,315
阿拉伯人占领彭基肯特之后


110
00:10:53,953 --> 00:10:57,320
粟特语就随着粟特族的衰亡而湮没


111
00:10:58,190 --> 00:10:59,248
绝迹中亚


112
00:10:59,825 --> 00:11:01,690
代之而起的是阿拉伯语


113
00:11:02,194 --> 00:11:03,718
及阿拉伯文字


114
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:06,858
少数大难不死的粟特人躲入深山


115
00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:09,832
后来他们大部份信奉伊斯兰教


116
00:11:10,503 --> 00:11:12,971
并且与当地的突厥族同化


117
00:11:20,212 --> 00:11:21,406
在彭基肯特出土的


118
00:11:21,881 --> 00:11:23,314
大量珍贵文物当中


119
00:11:23,849 --> 00:11:27,478
以这些精致的壁画最具考古价值


120
00:11:28,387 --> 00:11:29,513
摄制队拍摄期间


121
00:11:30,022 --> 00:11:32,388
考古学家在一间贵族大宅


122
00:11:33,059 --> 00:11:35,527
发现一幅画工精美的壁画


123
00:11:36,395 --> 00:11:39,364
工作人员在壁画上面铺一块透明胶


124
00:11:40,166 --> 00:11:42,532
仔细地将整幅壁画临摹


125
00:11:43,536 --> 00:11:44,332
临摹壁画


126
00:11:44,804 --> 00:11:47,466
是修复彭基肯特古迹的重要一环


127
00:12:05,891 --> 00:12:07,791
这些壁画是历史见证


128
00:12:08,294 --> 00:12:10,854
将古时彭基肯特居民的生活面貌


129
00:12:11,530 --> 00:12:13,464
活现在我们眼前


130
00:12:18,504 --> 00:12:20,938
壁画展示出粟特人的衣食住行


131
00:12:21,741 --> 00:12:24,266
以及面部轮廓和表情


132
00:12:24,910 --> 00:12:27,435
这个古代文明的特色历历在目


133
00:12:37,923 --> 00:12:40,483
这幅画描绘的是一次谷物买卖


134
00:12:41,393 --> 00:12:44,362
相传经常有载满大麦和小麦的车队


135
00:12:45,164 --> 00:12:47,325
由遥远的印度和波斯等地


136
00:12:47,967 --> 00:12:49,491
来到彭基肯特


137
00:13:06,852 --> 00:13:09,116
壁画中绘画的贵族眼睛细长


138
00:13:09,789 --> 00:13:12,815
面形修长 线条非常细致


139
00:13:18,297 --> 00:13:20,993
他的肩膀上有一条条长带垂下


140
00:13:21,834 --> 00:13:23,392
这些是冕带


141
00:13:23,903 --> 00:13:26,337
是古时波斯帝国萨桑皇朝


142
00:13:27,006 --> 00:13:29,531
皇族和贵族喜欢用的饰物


143
00:13:30,376 --> 00:13:32,674
后来这种冕带传入东方各国


144
00:13:33,345 --> 00:13:36,610
在亚麻布菩萨像中也有这种冕带


145
00:13:38,117 --> 00:13:38,845
这幅菩萨像


146
00:13:39,185 --> 00:13:42,177
现在收藏在日本奈良的知仓院


147
00:13:57,036 --> 00:13:58,094
由室内陈设来看


148
00:13:58,404 --> 00:14:01,464
粟特人很喜欢用图画装饰家居


149
00:14:02,508 --> 00:14:05,170
富有人家的大宅里画满壁画


150
00:14:06,011 --> 00:14:09,139
他们喜欢在墙脚画各式各样的图案


151
00:14:10,282 --> 00:14:11,249
中间画人像


152
00:14:11,817 --> 00:14:13,182
而接近天花的地方


153
00:14:13,519 --> 00:14:15,248
就用神像来装饰


154
00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:19,224
屋里面每一幅墙都画上了壁画


155
00:14:27,333 --> 00:14:28,994
这幅是帐篷宴图


156
00:14:29,501 --> 00:14:32,265
画出国王举行宴会的情景


157
00:14:39,245 --> 00:14:40,234
这个贵族的轮廓


158
00:14:40,546 --> 00:14:42,514
有浓厚的东方色彩


159
00:14:50,422 --> 00:14:53,858
壁画用色浓烈细致 明暗分明


160
00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:56,689
这是石块天然色素


161
00:14:57,162 --> 00:14:59,562
与灰泥混合得出的效果


162
00:15:00,466 --> 00:15:01,933
蓝色来自青金石


163
00:15:02,368 --> 00:15:05,098
至于红色就来自水银合成物


164
00:15:05,938 --> 00:15:07,428
或者氧化铁


165
00:15:08,207 --> 00:15:09,333
照壁画的用料来看


166
00:15:09,875 --> 00:15:11,365
早在一千五百年前


167
00:15:11,877 --> 00:15:14,345
粟特人已经深明用色之道


168
00:15:15,447 --> 00:15:16,209
这些壁画显示


169
00:15:16,515 --> 00:15:19,109
昔日粟特人的生活富裕奢华


170
00:15:19,919 --> 00:15:22,319
他们与东西方多个文明同化


171
00:15:23,188 --> 00:15:26,089
屋里的陈设品来自多个国家


172
00:15:29,862 --> 00:15:30,794
在唐代的时候


173
00:15:31,130 --> 00:15:33,325
经由丝绸之路传入东方的


174
00:15:33,999 --> 00:15:35,193
西域文化和风俗


175
00:15:35,501 --> 00:15:37,025
传遍整个中国


176
00:15:37,836 --> 00:15:40,031
中国的历史书籍和文学著作


177
00:15:40,539 --> 00:15:43,099
称这种文化为胡人文化


178
00:15:44,076 --> 00:15:46,510
所谓胡人 是西域化外之民


179
00:15:47,179 --> 00:15:49,113
或者外国人的意思


180
00:15:49,848 --> 00:15:52,510
古代中国人认为波斯人和粟特人


181
00:15:53,185 --> 00:15:55,050
都是西域化外之民


182
00:16:00,492 --> 00:16:03,825
中国都城长安 一度充斥西域产品


183
00:16:04,930 --> 00:16:06,921
好像胡桃 就是合桃


184
00:16:07,499 --> 00:16:09,262
胡麻 就是芝麻


185
00:16:10,135 --> 00:16:12,103
胡蒜 就是大蒜


186
00:16:12,738 --> 00:16:14,672
还有胡瓜 就是青瓜


187
00:16:19,211 --> 00:16:20,303
根据唐书记载


188
00:16:20,779 --> 00:16:23,441
当时的西域商人将很多不同的产品


189
00:16:24,083 --> 00:16:24,981
传入长安


190
00:16:25,317 --> 00:16:28,753
包括地毡、玻璃制品、乐器


191
00:16:29,755 --> 00:16:32,349
医疗用品及多种其他物品


192
00:16:33,425 --> 00:16:34,221
自此之后


193
00:16:34,727 --> 00:16:37,093
西域音乐受到中国人的推崇


194
00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:40,956
西域食品登上富贵人家大雅之堂


195
00:16:42,134 --> 00:16:43,294
上流社会的男女


196
00:16:43,769 --> 00:16:45,760
更加流行穿着西域服饰


197
00:16:46,438 --> 00:16:47,632
粟特人的商业头脑


198
00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:51,234
令族人的文化充满国际色彩


199
00:16:58,751 --> 00:17:01,379
伊朗高原距离长安五千多公里


200
00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:03,818
越过这片广阔高地


201
00:17:04,323 --> 00:17:07,019
摄制队来到扎格罗斯山脉


202
00:17:08,193 --> 00:17:11,185
这里是古城波斯波利斯所在地


203
00:17:12,197 --> 00:17:14,495
遗迹当中有粟特人的印记


204
00:17:23,409 --> 00:17:25,172
波斯阿契美尼德王朝


205
00:17:25,811 --> 00:17:28,109
比大唐早一千二百年建立


206
00:17:28,747 --> 00:17:30,942
这幅壁画是粟特人带着棉羊


207
00:17:31,450 --> 00:17:34,681
向波斯大流士大帝进贡的情景


208
00:17:45,731 --> 00:17:48,359
相传粟特人天生是经商的材料


209
00:17:49,034 --> 00:17:50,524
他们凭着天赋所长


210
00:17:51,003 --> 00:17:52,903
建立巨大的影响力


211
00:17:53,405 --> 00:17:55,737
可以代表国家出使外国


212
00:17:56,909 --> 00:17:58,638
根据东罗马帝国历史学家


213
00:17:59,144 --> 00:18:00,873
米南多斯的记载


214
00:18:01,346 --> 00:18:04,179
当年中亚突厥族卡加那堤国王


215
00:18:05,117 --> 00:18:05,708
狄西布


216
00:18:06,085 --> 00:18:07,848
差遣由粟特族领袖


217
00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:11,187
文尼亚领导的使团出使波斯


218
00:18:12,024 --> 00:18:15,516
国王要使团与波斯商讨丝绸贸易


219
00:18:16,462 --> 00:18:17,952
虽然那次谈判失败


220
00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:20,955
但是文尼亚成功与东罗马帝国


221
00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:23,598
达成了友好协议


222
00:18:24,303 --> 00:18:25,395
六世纪与七世纪


223
00:18:25,904 --> 00:18:28,270
是粟特人最活跃的时期


224
00:18:29,141 --> 00:18:31,405
当时不少富商 好像文尼亚


225
00:18:32,111 --> 00:18:33,043
势力强大


226
00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:36,006
足以掌握国家的兴衰存亡


227
00:18:51,730 --> 00:18:52,992
列宁纳巴德市


228
00:18:53,332 --> 00:18:55,664
位于塔吉克共和国的北端


229
00:18:56,468 --> 00:18:59,494
以前这里叫作阿历山大埃斯克特


230
00:19:00,372 --> 00:19:03,569
意思是最遥远的阿历山大城


231
00:19:04,443 --> 00:19:06,934
当时阿历山大大帝长年征战


232
00:19:08,313 --> 00:19:09,473
大军来到这里之后


233
00:19:09,948 --> 00:19:13,577
发现前面山势险峻 难以跨越


234
00:19:14,419 --> 00:19:17,115
于是决定放弃继续东征的大计


235
00:19:17,923 --> 00:19:19,083
列宁纳巴德市内


236
00:19:19,458 --> 00:19:21,323
建立了很多科尔科兹


237
00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:23,450
就是集体农庄


238
00:19:24,096 --> 00:19:27,395
这些农庄就是粟特人全盛期的象征


239
00:19:41,813 --> 00:19:42,905
这个巨型的建筑群


240
00:19:43,248 --> 00:19:45,341
由五个集体农庄构成


241
00:19:46,051 --> 00:19:47,484
据说是中亚地区


242
00:19:47,953 --> 00:19:50,251
规模最大的集体农庄


243
00:19:51,056 --> 00:19:53,217
这里是百万富翁集体农庄


244
00:19:53,926 --> 00:19:56,486
里面总共有一百个小型会堂


245
00:19:57,196 --> 00:20:00,097
以及一个可容纳一千人的大型会堂


246
00:20:20,185 --> 00:20:21,550
很多历史文献都记载


247
00:20:22,054 --> 00:20:23,954
粟特人是天生的商人


248
00:20:24,423 --> 00:20:26,186
他们深明营商之道


249
00:20:26,892 --> 00:20:29,360
其中唐书有以下记载


250
00:20:30,262 --> 00:20:32,230
粟特人父母会将一块冰糖


251
00:20:32,864 --> 00:20:35,298
塞入初生婴儿的嘴巴里


252
00:20:35,934 --> 00:20:38,562
希望他长大之后嘴甜舌滑


253
00:20:39,204 --> 00:20:41,172
说得一口像糖一样甜的言辞


254
00:20:41,807 --> 00:20:44,640
此外 父母也会在婴儿掌心涂胶水


255
00:20:45,310 --> 00:20:47,335
希望子女以后多赚些钱


256
00:20:48,013 --> 00:20:50,243
而且永远属于他所有


257
00:20:51,183 --> 00:20:53,617
粟特人精于经商 只要有钱赚


258
00:20:54,286 --> 00:20:56,186
他们不但会大小通吃


259
00:20:56,822 --> 00:20:59,655
而且无远弗届 不怕长途跋涉


260
00:21:00,459 --> 00:21:02,927
粟特人是天生的经商能手


261
00:21:03,729 --> 00:21:06,197
嘴甜舌滑 精打细算


262
00:21:15,807 --> 00:21:16,466
但是很可惜


263
00:21:16,908 --> 00:21:19,240
遗传了粟特血统、讲粟特语


264
00:21:19,945 --> 00:21:22,072
写粟特文字的纯种粟特人


265
00:21:22,547 --> 00:21:23,946
已经由充满战乱


266
00:21:24,449 --> 00:21:26,917
动荡的中亚历史中消失


267
00:21:36,161 --> 00:21:36,752
在八世纪


268
00:21:37,095 --> 00:21:39,791
彭基肯特城被阿拉伯人入侵


269
00:21:40,432 --> 00:21:42,457
城内以至附近一带的粟特人


270
00:21:43,135 --> 00:21:44,534
纷纷离开家园


271
00:21:45,037 --> 00:21:46,732
躲入塔吉克的深山


272
00:21:47,239 --> 00:21:50,762
自此之后 他们的活动
就不为外人所知

273
00:21:51,910 --> 00:21:55,073
丝绸之路摄制队进入泽拉夫尚山区


274
00:21:55,914 --> 00:21:58,940
追寻被遗留在历史中的粟特人


275
00:22:27,012 --> 00:22:29,105
摄制队在泽拉夫尚山腰上


276
00:22:29,748 --> 00:22:32,615
见到几个由牧羊人搭建的帐篷


277
00:22:43,829 --> 00:22:44,921
他们以牧羊为生


278
00:22:45,430 --> 00:22:47,091
每年夏天 他们都会带羊群


279
00:22:47,766 --> 00:22:50,166
上气候较凉爽的山上吃草


280
00:23:04,816 --> 00:23:07,284
塔吉克族人过的就是翻山越岭


281
00:23:07,919 --> 00:23:10,046
逐水草迁徒的游牧生活


282
00:23:30,342 --> 00:23:33,334
夏天 他们以简单的临时帐篷为家


283
00:23:54,366 --> 00:23:55,560
十八岁的妮志娜


284
00:23:56,034 --> 00:23:58,901
正在用传统的手摇缝纫机做衣服


285
00:23:59,738 --> 00:24:02,605
原来她在为自己缝制嫁衣


286
00:24:21,026 --> 00:24:22,357
妮志娜略带羞涩地说


287
00:24:22,861 --> 00:24:24,226
夏天放牧季节一结束


288
00:24:24,763 --> 00:24:27,391
她就会跟青梅竹马的男朋友结婚


289
00:24:42,514 --> 00:24:44,072
一九三二年 一名牧羊人


290
00:24:44,549 --> 00:24:45,709
在泽拉夫尚山区


291
00:24:46,218 --> 00:24:48,413
发现一个用柳枝编织的篮子


292
00:24:49,221 --> 00:24:51,746
其中一条柳枝刻有古怪的文字


293
00:24:52,424 --> 00:24:53,914
那是粟特文


294
00:24:54,693 --> 00:24:57,321
是中世纪索格底亚那地区


295
00:24:57,963 --> 00:24:59,362
彭基肯特的总督


296
00:24:59,865 --> 00:25:01,856
在八世纪所发的公文


297
00:25:02,734 --> 00:25:03,723
经过解读之后


298
00:25:04,035 --> 00:25:07,300
考古界对粟特人的去向渐渐有眉目


299
00:25:08,773 --> 00:25:10,502
原来粟特人逃离家园之后


300
00:25:11,009 --> 00:25:13,375
到了泽拉夫尚河上游


301
00:25:14,079 --> 00:25:15,410
躲藏在穆格山


302
00:25:35,534 --> 00:25:36,967
考古学家在穆格山上


303
00:25:37,469 --> 00:25:39,664
发现了大批粟特文文献


304
00:25:40,305 --> 00:25:42,205
总数达到八十一件


305
00:25:42,941 --> 00:25:45,671
当中有纸张文献和羊皮文献


306
00:25:46,344 --> 00:25:47,709
还有一些木刻


307
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,313
这些文献主要是商业买卖合约


308
00:25:52,350 --> 00:25:55,342
此外还有总督达凡殊狄克


309
00:25:56,187 --> 00:25:58,382
写给阿拉伯酋长的书函


310
00:25:59,024 --> 00:26:01,754
内容是恳求阿拉伯酋长网开一面


311
00:26:02,394 --> 00:26:04,123
停止攻打粟特人


312
00:26:30,755 --> 00:26:32,279
摄制队起程前往穆格山


313
00:26:32,757 --> 00:26:35,920
听说没有当地人带领是上不去的


314
00:26:44,402 --> 00:26:47,565
这条路一直通向泽拉夫尚河上游


315
00:26:48,373 --> 00:26:50,238
山路上升二千米


316
00:26:50,909 --> 00:26:52,240
在一千二百年前


317
00:26:52,777 --> 00:26:55,507
粟特人也是走这条崎岖的山路


318
00:26:56,147 --> 00:26:57,205
上山避难


319
00:26:58,149 --> 00:26:58,843
粟特人的文献


320
00:26:59,184 --> 00:27:01,243
记载了这段历史的始末


321
00:27:02,420 --> 00:27:03,853
彭基肯特城内的居民


322
00:27:04,322 --> 00:27:06,051
男男女女 扶老携幼


323
00:27:06,758 --> 00:27:08,521
走上穆格山避难


324
00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:10,957
他们带齐所有家财逃难


325
00:27:11,496 --> 00:27:14,260
包括金银珠宝、丝绸文献


326
00:27:15,066 --> 00:27:16,431
以及商业合约


327
00:27:17,102 --> 00:27:19,263
他们还带着牲口一齐逃难


328
00:27:19,904 --> 00:27:20,996
作为粮食


329
00:27:59,844 --> 00:28:01,209
摄制队可以想像到


330
00:28:01,513 --> 00:28:03,845
当年粟特人走过这段山崖的时候


331
00:28:04,482 --> 00:28:05,949
一定是小心翼翼


332
00:28:06,451 --> 00:28:08,919
否则就会跌落山崖


333
00:28:44,956 --> 00:28:47,481
穆格山四周被更高的山包围着


334
00:28:48,126 --> 00:28:50,492
在穆格山山顶上有一座城堡


335
00:28:51,162 --> 00:28:52,857
称为卡拉伊穆格


336
00:28:53,331 --> 00:28:55,231
也就是穆格山城堡


337
00:28:56,367 --> 00:28:58,835
城堡的地基由岩石堆砌而成


338
00:28:59,537 --> 00:29:00,196
这些大石


339
00:29:00,538 --> 00:29:03,701
是从干涸了的泽拉夫尚河河床


340
00:29:04,509 --> 00:29:05,407
拾回来的


341
00:29:06,111 --> 00:29:08,477
用由太阳晒干的砖砌成的城墙


342
00:29:09,147 --> 00:29:10,478
内外都非常稳固


343
00:29:10,982 --> 00:29:13,917
站在护土墙上可以眼观四方


344
00:29:14,919 --> 00:29:16,784
所以这座城堡占尽地利


345
00:29:17,388 --> 00:29:19,015
进可攻、退可守


346
00:29:21,059 --> 00:29:23,527
但是阿拉伯人的攻势十分凌厉


347
00:29:24,195 --> 00:29:25,025
穆格山城堡


348
00:29:25,330 --> 00:29:27,798
被几千名阿拉伯战士包围


349
00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:31,031
粟特人逼不得已要投降


350
00:29:31,503 --> 00:29:32,629
国王被处决


351
00:29:33,138 --> 00:29:35,698
城内的金银财宝被掠夺一空


352
00:29:36,374 --> 00:29:38,934
粟特人死守城堡短短两个月


353
00:29:39,778 --> 00:29:41,473
就被阿拉伯人打败


354
00:29:41,946 --> 00:29:43,004
那两个月的防守战


355
00:29:43,515 --> 00:29:45,574
是粟特人的垂死挣扎


356
00:29:53,725 --> 00:29:54,487
在穆格山附近


357
00:29:54,859 --> 00:29:56,724
一座较高的山的山腰上


358
00:29:57,195 --> 00:29:59,595
有一排植物长成一条直线


359
00:30:00,331 --> 00:30:01,628
其实这里是粟特人


360
00:30:02,133 --> 00:30:04,226
春天收集雪水的水道


361
00:30:27,926 --> 00:30:29,359
生长在水道上的植物


362
00:30:29,861 --> 00:30:33,228
标志着粟特人昔日聚居地的地界


363
00:30:41,873 --> 00:30:43,773
穆格山上有一幢幢两层高


364
00:30:44,242 --> 00:30:45,800
已经崩塌的房屋


365
00:30:46,411 --> 00:30:49,574
房屋的一楼是存放粮食的粮仓


366
00:30:50,481 --> 00:30:53,473
至于二楼就是生活起居的地方


367
00:30:54,385 --> 00:30:57,218
这些房屋的格局已经变得模糊


368
00:30:58,056 --> 00:31:00,786
只有炉灶比较明显可辨


369
00:31:14,405 --> 00:31:16,669
穆格山上有粟特丝绸出土


370
00:31:17,342 --> 00:31:20,311
当年很多丝绸被阿拉伯人抢走


371
00:31:21,145 --> 00:31:23,238
只剩下很少在山上


372
00:31:26,851 --> 00:31:29,251
这片丝绸碎片上的珠饰图案


373
00:31:29,921 --> 00:31:32,651
充满波斯萨桑王朝特色


374
00:31:51,442 --> 00:31:53,410
在穆格山出土的古文献当中


375
00:31:54,078 --> 00:31:56,342
有一张八世纪的结婚证书


376
00:31:57,015 --> 00:32:00,246
新郎叫乌特卡 新娘叫查黛


377
00:32:01,352 --> 00:32:03,912
男方发誓会终生爱护妻子


378
00:32:04,789 --> 00:32:05,721
尊重妻子


379
00:32:06,024 --> 00:32:08,584
女方也许下了相同的誓言


380
00:32:09,460 --> 00:32:11,690
如果男方未经妻子同意而另娶


381
00:32:12,363 --> 00:32:15,730
男方就要赔三十个德拉克玛给女方


382
00:32:16,534 --> 00:32:18,729
如果男方决定与妻子离婚


383
00:32:19,370 --> 00:32:21,861
男方就要将娶妻后所赚的财产


384
00:32:22,540 --> 00:32:24,269
全部送给女方


385
00:32:24,943 --> 00:32:27,138
还要供应粮食给女方


386
00:32:27,979 --> 00:32:30,345
同样 如果女方决定跟男方离婚


387
00:32:30,949 --> 00:32:33,383
女方就要将结婚后得到的衣饰


388
00:32:34,085 --> 00:32:36,019
全部还给男方


389
00:32:36,554 --> 00:32:37,316
这一纸婚书


390
00:32:37,789 --> 00:32:41,225
是在公元七一零年三月二十五日订立


391
00:33:04,382 --> 00:33:06,942
粟特人事无大小 都要订立契约


392
00:33:07,785 --> 00:33:09,412
他们非常有生意头脑


393
00:33:09,954 --> 00:33:11,319
懂得选择丝绸之路


394
00:33:11,789 --> 00:33:14,155
作为他们商业活动的基地


395
00:33:20,431 --> 00:33:22,991
拍摄期间 摄制队接到消息


396
00:33:23,801 --> 00:33:27,100
说世上仍然有粟特族的直系遗民


397
00:33:28,106 --> 00:33:29,801
在雅内布有一群居民


398
00:33:30,274 --> 00:33:33,937
他们住在比穆格山更偏远的深山中


399
00:33:34,979 --> 00:33:37,243
但是由于通往雅内布的山路


400
00:33:37,882 --> 00:33:38,712
终年冰封


401
00:33:39,050 --> 00:33:41,382
摄制队不能进入山区


402
00:33:42,053 --> 00:33:43,486
探访那里的居民


403
00:33:53,731 --> 00:33:56,165
未能去雅内布探访粟特人的后裔


404
00:33:56,801 --> 00:33:59,065
摄制队感到非常失望


405
00:33:59,804 --> 00:34:00,702
虽然几经辛苦


406
00:34:01,039 --> 00:34:02,939
终于找到隐居世上


407
00:34:03,441 --> 00:34:04,965
一千多年的粟特族


408
00:34:05,443 --> 00:34:07,638
但是由于路途充满险阻


409
00:34:08,312 --> 00:34:11,372
摄制队已经放弃跟他们会面的念头


410
00:34:12,517 --> 00:34:14,212
不过苏联科学院


411
00:34:15,019 --> 00:34:17,681
和塔吉克共和国的学者积极打听


412
00:34:18,423 --> 00:34:21,290
最后为摄制队带来一个好消息


413
00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:23,988
原来在十四年前


414
00:34:24,295 --> 00:34:27,594
有几个人离开雅内布 下山定居


415
00:34:28,533 --> 00:34:31,468
虽然摄制队未能确定消息的真伪


416
00:34:32,336 --> 00:34:35,271
但是他们也前往离列宁纳巴德


417
00:34:36,074 --> 00:34:38,941
一百五十公里以外的扎法拉巴德区


418
00:35:05,937 --> 00:35:08,030
几个老人在路口迎接摄制队


419
00:35:08,739 --> 00:35:11,731
这次是摄制队第一次接触粟特人


420
00:35:12,376 --> 00:35:15,140
他们的五官轮廓跟史书中记载的


421
00:35:15,980 --> 00:35:18,642
西域拉着骆驼的化外之民一样


422
00:35:19,484 --> 00:35:20,849
虽然已经有人研究出


423
00:35:21,352 --> 00:35:23,217
粟特语的语言系统


424
00:35:23,888 --> 00:35:26,789
但是语言的发音一直无人认识


425
00:35:27,492 --> 00:35:27,821
今天


426
00:35:28,159 --> 00:35:31,185
摄制队终于可以亲耳听到粟特语


427
00:35:32,029 --> 00:35:32,688
这个是历史上


428
00:35:33,030 --> 00:35:35,328
第一个用粟特语做的访问


429
00:36:29,187 --> 00:36:31,212
访问进度缓慢而且困难


430
00:36:31,956 --> 00:36:34,550
摄制队要用四种语言沟通


431
00:36:35,259 --> 00:36:36,783
先用日文问问题


432
00:36:37,295 --> 00:36:39,229
然后依次序译成俄文


433
00:36:39,897 --> 00:36:42,195
塔吉克语和粟特语


434
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:45,869
而答案则依相反次序译成日文


435
00:36:49,407 --> 00:36:52,604
粟特人用当地土产食品招待摄制队


436
00:36:53,444 --> 00:36:55,912
热情欢迎这班到访的外国人


437
00:36:56,747 --> 00:36:59,841
一番寒喧之后 访问终于开始


438
00:38:16,027 --> 00:38:18,723
这位是伊诺雅先生 今年七十八岁


439
00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:21,295
以前在集体农庄工作


440
00:38:21,999 --> 00:38:24,763
现在已经退休 靠养老金生活


441
00:38:56,267 --> 00:38:57,325
摄制队首先解释


442
00:38:57,835 --> 00:39:00,201
他们要重踏昔日的丝绸之路


443
00:39:00,838 --> 00:39:02,601
之后就问粟特人是否知道


444
00:39:03,140 --> 00:39:04,971
丝绸之路的历史


445
00:39:05,743 --> 00:39:09,304
在粟特语中 丝绸之路叫皮拉布切


446
00:39:59,797 --> 00:40:01,731
摄制队再询问有关将冰糖


447
00:40:02,233 --> 00:40:04,167
塞入婴儿嘴巴的风俗


448
00:40:05,035 --> 00:40:05,797
伊诺雅先生说


449
00:40:06,137 --> 00:40:09,004
这个风俗是大人希望小孩长大之后


450
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:12,536
可以成为一个精明机灵的商人


451
00:40:13,210 --> 00:40:16,737
长袖善舞 过甜蜜富足的生活


452
00:40:58,522 --> 00:40:59,819
不过如今的粟特人


453
00:41:00,324 --> 00:41:02,087
已经没有这个风俗了


454
00:41:02,793 --> 00:41:03,384
老人家又说


455
00:41:03,727 --> 00:41:06,389
他们自从十四年前离开雅内布


456
00:41:07,031 --> 00:41:08,464
就一直住在这里


457
00:41:09,033 --> 00:41:10,432
雅内布位于山上一个


458
00:41:10,901 --> 00:41:14,803
海拔二千五百至三千米的偏远山谷


459
00:41:16,340 --> 00:41:18,535
老人家说雅内布景致怡人


460
00:41:19,210 --> 00:41:20,541
水源充足


461
00:41:53,711 --> 00:41:57,238
老人家还教摄制队用粟特语讲多谢


462
00:42:13,163 --> 00:42:15,996
摄制队探访的粟特人依然讲粟特语


463
00:42:16,834 --> 00:42:19,234
但是粟特文字已经失传


464
00:42:20,037 --> 00:42:20,969
据他们说


465
00:42:21,272 --> 00:42:24,105
在雅内布生活根本不需要书写


466
00:42:25,175 --> 00:42:27,370
昔日丝绸之路上的商旅民族


467
00:42:28,012 --> 00:42:30,810
在掌心涂胶水 塞冰糖入嘴巴


468
00:42:31,482 --> 00:42:34,610
事事订立合约的风俗都已经失传


469
00:42:50,701 --> 00:42:53,261
据说 现在有三千至四千名粟特人


470
00:42:53,938 --> 00:42:55,565
住在雅内布


471
00:43:07,451 --> 00:43:09,510
粟特人的聚居地已经公开


472
00:43:10,187 --> 00:43:12,883
估计他们独特的生活方式和语言


473
00:43:13,724 --> 00:43:15,385
将会出现变化


474
00:43:15,926 --> 00:43:16,722
摄制队预计


475
00:43:17,061 --> 00:43:19,791
粟特人会与其他中亚民族同化


476
00:43:20,464 --> 00:43:22,295
受塔吉克、乌兹别克


477
00:43:22,967 --> 00:43:26,198
和吉尔吉斯的现代化生活方式影响


478
00:43:33,410 --> 00:43:36,243
在中亚 历史与现在和平共存


479
00:43:37,047 --> 00:43:39,538
吉尔吉斯共和国的伏龙芝市


480
00:43:40,250 --> 00:43:42,582
是一个建于古代丝绸之路上的


481
00:43:43,253 --> 00:43:45,118
现代化都会


482
00:43:45,756 --> 00:43:46,882
伏龙芝市的居民


483
00:43:47,224 --> 00:43:49,419
体内流有多个民族的血液


484
00:43:50,060 --> 00:43:51,721
而且历史悠久


485
00:44:04,174 --> 00:44:06,108
在伏龙芝市以东五十公里


486
00:44:06,777 --> 00:44:08,608
有一个叫红河的地方


487
00:44:09,213 --> 00:44:10,145
三个月之前


488
00:44:10,447 --> 00:44:12,108
这里有一个粟特人村庄


489
00:44:12,783 --> 00:44:14,444
在土丘下出土


490
00:44:26,230 --> 00:44:27,561
吉尔吉斯科学院的人员


491
00:44:28,065 --> 00:44:29,692
正在这里进行挖掘


492
00:44:47,317 --> 00:44:49,342
红河遗址有多个墓穴


493
00:44:50,120 --> 00:44:51,849
考古学家在墓穴里面


494
00:44:52,322 --> 00:44:54,290
发现很多骸骨瓮


495
00:44:54,992 --> 00:44:55,549
经过研究


496
00:44:55,893 --> 00:44:58,259
他们发现死者的社会地位愈高


497
00:44:58,929 --> 00:45:02,126
骸骨瓮的雕工就愈精巧细致


498
00:45:10,307 --> 00:45:13,504
这个雕刻是两名祭司点燃祭坛圣火


499
00:45:14,344 --> 00:45:16,710
显示埋葬在这里的古粟特人


500
00:45:17,448 --> 00:45:20,975
信奉琐罗亚斯德教 就是拜火教


501
00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:25,911
据说 这些传统的拜火教图案


502
00:45:26,523 --> 00:45:29,356
在波斯古钱上也曾发现


503
00:45:38,402 --> 00:45:41,098
虽然粟特人中也有佛教徒


504
00:45:41,905 --> 00:45:43,873
基督徒和摩尼教徒


505
00:45:44,374 --> 00:45:47,343
但是族人大部份都信奉拜火教


506
00:45:50,380 --> 00:45:52,177
据说 红河遗址是目前


507
00:45:52,883 --> 00:45:55,784
有最多骸骨瓮出土的考古遗迹


508
00:45:56,754 --> 00:45:59,279
估计前人先将死者暴露荒野


509
00:45:59,923 --> 00:46:03,120
任由风雨侵蚀 又或者雀鸟啄食


510
00:46:04,061 --> 00:46:06,928
然后收拾骸骨 放入骸骨瓮


511
00:46:07,731 --> 00:46:09,096
再入土为安


512
00:46:09,399 --> 00:46:11,492
这是粟特人的坟场


513
00:46:49,406 --> 00:46:51,203
这幅是在彭基肯特古城


514
00:46:51,909 --> 00:46:53,604
出土的粟特人壁画


515
00:46:54,278 --> 00:46:57,770
画中的美女在弹竖琴 气宇轩昂


516
00:46:58,916 --> 00:47:01,714
描绘出粟特人的辉煌过去


517
00:47:02,753 --> 00:47:04,948
粟特族商人进行各种买卖


518
00:47:05,489 --> 00:47:08,458
好像丝绸、香料、陶器


519
00:47:09,259 --> 00:47:10,692
以及珠宝玉石


520
00:47:11,228 --> 00:47:14,254
商业活动也促进了音乐、艺术


521
00:47:15,065 --> 00:47:16,362
和宗教的交流


522
00:47:54,738 --> 00:47:57,366
粟特人是缔造丝路历史的民族


523
00:47:58,008 --> 00:48:00,238
昔日叱咤风云的粟特人


524
00:48:00,978 --> 00:48:02,104
如今反璞归真


525
00:48:02,412 --> 00:48:05,939
在中亚深山过着与世无争的生活