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黄河在中国人心目中

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一直占有非常重要的位置

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现在有一支探索队要寻找它的源头

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跟随它绵延五千五百公里

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直至大海

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本节目就记录了他们的旅程

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一月正值隆冬，黄河已经结了冰

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被冰封在时间的洪流之中

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由山上吹来的狂风

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静止了黄河汹涌的河水

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停止了它的一切活动

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现在的黄河

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就像一条在冬季沉睡的大蛇

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当令它静止不动的雪开始融化时

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黄河就会释放出十足力量

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很快雪就会融化，流向下游

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雪块会堆起成为雪堤

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结果就会造成泛滥

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中国人累积了几个世纪的智慧

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有助他们对付黄河

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在二月中，军部已经做好准备

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随时候命等待解决可能出现的危机

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地面部队检视沿岸的情况

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将最新情况通知附近的空军基地

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在上游河南，冰雪已经开始融化

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但是在下游地带，例如山东

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黄河就转向北流

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那里的河水仍然结冰

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为了避免河中冰块形成雪堤

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致使河流决堤

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军部会炸开冰，加快融雪的过程

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令河水早日流动

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黄河的上游

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比下游地区位于一个较南的位置

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当冰雪在上游融化

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到下游就会遇上未融的冰块

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冰碎一块块堆起，形成一道雪堤

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令黄河暴涨，造成决堤

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冰冷的河水立即涌上

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方园几里的郊野

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最容易在融冰期间出现暴洪的

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是内蒙古和山东地区

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1970年1月，山东济南市

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受到大型浮冰块威胁

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很多人至今仍然记忆犹新

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浮冰堵住附近的黄河

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那次是有关方面首次利用大型爆炸

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去炸散冰块

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自此之后

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飞机的引擎声和炸药的爆炸声

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经常在黄河出现

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就像春天一定会听到布谷鸟的叫声

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冰块被炸散

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大小船只都脱离被迫休息的状态

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黄河和沿岸地区再次恢复生气

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冬季的艰苦

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随着黄河恢复优闲的步伐而被忘记

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娇美的桃花在柔和的日光中摇摆

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景致如画

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同一时间

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桃树、杏树和李树的花朵争相盛放

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鲜黄色的油菜花海最受欢迎

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因为它保证来年会有丰收

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五月中旬

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陕西省北部已经恢复渡轮服务

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每天都会有几班

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船上挤满了去附近道观

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参加春节活动的人

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每天都有上千名的善信

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踏上这三百六十级陡峭的石级

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去山上的寺庙

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不少人来自远方

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其中还有一班来自内蒙古的人

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这间寺庙是十七世纪初

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明朝期间兴建的

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在寺庙里，大家正在庆祝春节

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爆竹声四下响起

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还有笛子、鼓和铜锣的大合奏

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善信还可以求一支签

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看看来年的运程

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在当地是由道士摇动签筒

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求出一支签之后

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善信付钱买一张签上有号码的签文

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签文以古文写成，预告你的运程

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当地人虽然迷信

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也不会把签文当真，只想玩一玩

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就像西方人玩占卜一样

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道教这个信仰宣扬长寿

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以及与大自然和谐共存的信念

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在二千年前创立

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它吸引了很多信众

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特别是务农为生的汉人

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人们最想知道什么呢

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他们的问题十分广泛

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包括人生每个范畴

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由收成好坏到人际关系都有

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而最多人问的就是能否考进大学

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大家都只是玩玩

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这个二千年前的民间习俗

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流传到现在仍然没有改变

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中国的民间传统

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已经有几千年的历史

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流传了很多民间传说

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例如在黄河河岸

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仍然有人供奉龙神

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也就是中国的河神

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当地人以一句

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“十年天，九年旱”

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准确形容了这里的气候

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难怪人们对龙神敬畏有加

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说完龙神，继续说黄河这条黄龙

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探索队继续向下游进发

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渐渐明白大自然的难以预测

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怎样令黄河成为

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“中华民族之悲壮”

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黄河在山西省与陕西省中间

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向南面奔流

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这个叫晋陕峡的河谷

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是经过二百万年的自然侵蚀而成

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探索队继续进发

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很快就会看到中国人

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怎样经常与黄河搏斗

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用什么方法去驯服这条黄龙

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峡谷两岸的悬崖足足有一百米高

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峡谷本身只有二百米阔

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这还不算险峻

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河床的石头和卵石

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把河水变成一组组急流

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某些河道根本不能航行

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船员要拉着船前进

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现在渡船服务已经没以前那么重要

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道路系统的改善

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令河上运货的船只减少了

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在以前最光辉的时候

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黄河是不同社群之间

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做生意的重要联系

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举例说

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在上游黄土地区做成的陶器

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会经水路运到这里的市场发售

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水流太急时，可能会弄坏货物和船

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船员会把整条船抬出水面

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经陆路拖行，直至平静的河道

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这里是晋陕峡谷其中一个险地

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河水在半浮沉的石块之间撞来撞去

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更危险的情况

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就要用危险的方法解决

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其中一个方法就是炸毁河床

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把石头炸开

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每包炸药大约有七磅重

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虽然他们好像很随意地

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点着炸药扔下河

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其实他们是受中国交通部委托

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解决这个问题的

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防水药引被点着之后

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炸药被冲向下游

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在五十米以外爆炸

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国家下一个五至十年计划

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是在这里开办游览船

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吸引外国游客来观光

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不过他们要先把河床挖平

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以及减慢水流

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以后的观光船河可能令你毕生难忘

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由峡谷向下游走一百公里左右

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悬崖渐渐消失

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黄河流入一个广阔的平原

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这里是山西省的河曲县

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这里的山峦曾经屹立着著名的长城

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因为日久失修而变得破落

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它被时间洪流所侵害

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贪婪的人在这里开采矿物

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也是原因之一

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黄河上有很多障碍物

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包括大型沙洲

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河水中大量的泥沙囤积在河床

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形成这些沙洲

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其中一个沙洲叫做娘娘滩

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只有一公里长，不足半公里宽

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但是住了二十个家庭

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全部是汉人

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这里甚至有自己的小学

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他们在五十亩肥沃的土地上

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种植小麦和粟米

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不过生活并不总是这么平静

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由于它位处黄河中央

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容易受洪水侵扰

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1981年年底

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上游流下来的大冰雪

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撞上这里的民居，造成严重破坏

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岛民努力对抗大自然

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但是他们仍然记得那些黑暗的日子

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许金玲开心地喂着小鸡

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但是她一生都会记得那场水灾

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她说当时真的非常恐，怖

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她还记得水位慢慢上升

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一点一点地上升，真的很恐，怖

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她想挡住水，但是没用

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水到了一米高就挡不住

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横扫整个岛

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队员问她喜不喜欢在这里生活

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她说喜欢

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她还说不会搬走

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会一直住在这里

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她的儿女也打算一辈子在这里生活

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这个在黄河中央的小岛

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流传着一个故事

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相传在二千年前

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汉朝汉高祖刘邦在位时

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他把第四子刘恒及其母亲

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放逐到这个岛上

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这个岛就是以刘恒的母亲命名的

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虽然这里有潜在的危险

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岛上一直都有人生活

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因为这里气候宜人，而且土地肥沃

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娘娘滩上所有的岛民

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都会唱一首代代相传的歌

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我美丽的家乡，娘娘滩

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被黄河环绕，仿如金色的绸缎

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娘娘滩，纪念一位母亲

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背负着我们对明天的希望

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在峡谷的两旁

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极目望去，全部是中国的黄土地带

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它包括七十五万平方公里的土地

223
00:17:42,742 --> 00:17:45,111
这个高原由几个世纪以来

224
00:17:45,111 --> 00:17:49,048
从北部沙漠吹来的沙粒积聚而成

225
00:17:49,048 --> 00:17:53,041
是世上最大的黄土地

226
00:17:58,858 --> 00:18:02,628
黄土十分微细，很容易被侵蚀

227
00:18:02,628 --> 00:18:05,664
夏季的滂沱大雨在高原上

228
00:18:05,664 --> 00:18:09,635
冲刷出三十多万条山脊和小峡谷

229
00:18:09,635 --> 00:18:13,628
令它好像月球表面似的

230
00:18:26,819 --> 00:18:28,954
虽然夏季降雨量高

231
00:18:28,954 --> 00:18:31,557
高原仍然十分干旱

232
00:18:31,557 --> 00:18:34,627
全年降雨量大约四百毫米

233
00:18:34,627 --> 00:18:36,695
都集中在夏季

234
00:18:36,695 --> 00:18:38,097
经常是全年的雨水

235
00:18:38,097 --> 00:18:40,733
都集中在夏季某一两天

236
00:18:40,733 --> 00:18:44,726
所以往往造成严重的后果

237
00:18:46,739 --> 00:18:48,741
大雨将至的第一个迹象

238
00:18:48,741 --> 00:18:51,076
是有强风打在树上

239
00:18:51,076 --> 00:18:55,014
沙粒又会吹入人的眼耳口鼻里

240
00:18:55,014 --> 00:18:59,007
居民知道快要下雨，都找地方躲避

241
00:19:31,984 --> 00:19:35,977
大雨可以一下就一个小时

242
00:19:44,563 --> 00:19:46,599
很快就可以在附近郊区

243
00:19:46,599 --> 00:19:49,101
看到下雨造成的影响

244
00:19:49,101 --> 00:19:50,636
黄土有个特点

245
00:19:50,636 --> 00:19:54,507
由于黄土是由风吹来的沙粒形成的

246
00:19:54,507 --> 00:19:57,510
所以水份很容易直接渗入

247
00:19:57,510 --> 00:20:01,013
五十至六十米之下，将泥土分解

248
00:20:01,013 --> 00:20:02,715
本来坚固的干土

249
00:20:02,715 --> 00:20:06,708
会在刹那间完全散开

250
00:20:11,824 --> 00:20:15,661
黄土干透之后好像水泥一样硬

251
00:20:15,661 --> 00:20:18,898
不过一遇到水，就会变成泥沼

252
00:20:18,898 --> 00:20:22,891
然后就会变成一股泥流

253
00:20:23,936 --> 00:20:26,539
黄土从河谷、山峡中

254
00:20:26,539 --> 00:20:30,075
随着雨水的冲刷，直冲入黄河

255
00:20:30,075 --> 00:20:33,612
当地居民既无奈，又诚惶诚恐

256
00:20:33,612 --> 00:20:36,815
看着有大量淤泥的河水流过

257
00:20:36,815 --> 00:20:40,808
而且可能会随时涌过来

258
00:21:00,673 --> 00:21:02,741
河水流出晋陕峡谷

259
00:21:02,741 --> 00:21:05,611
向壶口瀑布流过去

260
00:21:05,611 --> 00:21:06,979
河水是黄色的

261
00:21:06,979 --> 00:21:10,972
带着大量淤泥向前奔流

262
00:21:33,639 --> 00:21:35,941
难怪黄河被誉为世界上

263
00:21:35,941 --> 00:21:39,934
含泥量最高的河流

264
00:21:43,649 --> 00:21:44,950
由于长年侵蚀

265
00:21:44,950 --> 00:21:48,287
在河床上凿出了一列列深槽

266
00:21:48,287 --> 00:21:52,280
形成壶口瀑布

267
00:21:58,964 --> 00:22:02,134
河水由二三十米高倾泻而下

268
00:22:02,134 --> 00:22:03,802
发出巨响

269
00:22:03,802 --> 00:22:07,795
当地人说在十公里外都能听到

270
00:22:19,051 --> 00:22:20,786
在早期的历史记载

271
00:22:20,786 --> 00:22:24,089
有人用以下的诗句形容黄河

272
00:22:24,089 --> 00:22:26,158
原出昆仑衍大流

273
00:22:26,158 --> 00:22:30,151
玉关九转一壶收

274
00:22:32,164 --> 00:22:36,157
“壶口”的意思，就是壶嘴

275
00:23:31,023 --> 00:23:33,392
每年有十亿吨的泥

276
00:23:33,392 --> 00:23:37,385
冲进这些石灰岩阶梯，水花四溅

277
00:23:38,363 --> 00:23:41,867
如果将所有泥土堆成一米高的土墩

278
00:23:41,867 --> 00:23:45,860
足以围绕赤道二十七次之多

279
00:23:50,309 --> 00:23:51,710
在黄河下游

280
00:23:51,710 --> 00:23:55,703
河水汇合渭水和汾水两条支流

281
00:23:55,981 --> 00:23:58,050
当黄河流经山西省

282
00:23:58,050 --> 00:24:00,519
迎面对着的就是华山

283
00:24:00,519 --> 00:24:02,521
它会挡住黄河的去路

284
00:24:02,521 --> 00:24:06,391
令河道转向东边，流向平原地区

285
00:24:06,391 --> 00:24:09,828
平坦的地势减慢河水流动的速度

286
00:24:09,828 --> 00:24:11,463
令河道变阔

287
00:24:11,463 --> 00:24:13,432
由于河水速度减慢

288
00:24:13,432 --> 00:24:17,035
大量泥沙和淤泥就囤积在这里

289
00:24:17,035 --> 00:24:21,028
于是河床逐年增高

290
00:24:25,410 --> 00:24:29,047
当地人筑起堤坝，预防黄河泛滥

291
00:24:29,047 --> 00:24:30,849
但是水位一直升高

292
00:24:30,849 --> 00:24:33,085
竟高于周围的陆地

293
00:24:33,085 --> 00:24:34,419
当黄河决堤

294
00:24:34,419 --> 00:24:38,412
当地农民就要面对具破坏性的泛滥

295
00:24:55,007 --> 00:24:56,108
这一带的平原

296
00:24:56,108 --> 00:24:57,843
最能够体现黄河

297
00:24:57,843 --> 00:25:01,380
被称为“中华民族之悲壮”的原因

298
00:25:01,380 --> 00:25:03,048
不过现代工程技术

299
00:25:03,048 --> 00:25:07,019
至少可以将两岸用桥梁联系起来

300
00:25:07,019 --> 00:25:10,589
使他们与邻近地区的人多些接触

301
00:25:10,589 --> 00:25:13,091
为这一区带来生机

302
00:25:13,091 --> 00:25:14,593
桥梁揭幕通车

303
00:25:14,593 --> 00:25:18,586
当然值得好好庆祝一下

304
00:25:37,416 --> 00:25:39,084
中国历史记载了一些

305
00:25:39,084 --> 00:25:41,019
令人心寒的事实

306
00:25:41,019 --> 00:25:42,888
在过去二千年来

307
00:25:42,888 --> 00:25:46,881
黄河泛滥的次数多达一千五百次

308
00:25:47,025 --> 00:25:51,018
四年中有三年泛滥

309
00:25:55,467 --> 00:25:56,401
根据记载

310
00:25:56,401 --> 00:25:59,471
在1117年，即宋朝期间

311
00:25:59,471 --> 00:26:01,073
一次黄河泛滥

312
00:26:01,073 --> 00:26:05,066
夺去了超过一百万人的宝贵生命

313
00:26:06,144 --> 00:26:08,981
清朝的时候也泛滥过

314
00:26:08,981 --> 00:26:12,974
同样造成多人死亡

315
00:26:23,495 --> 00:26:25,163
现代人记忆所及

316
00:26:25,163 --> 00:26:27,566
是1933年的大洪水

317
00:26:27,566 --> 00:26:29,167
摧毁了河南省

318
00:26:29,167 --> 00:26:32,137
黄河沿岸大部份的村落

319
00:26:32,137 --> 00:26:35,440
影响三百五十万人的生计

320
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,510
五年之后洪水又再度为患

321
00:26:38,510 --> 00:26:39,678
数以千计的人

322
00:26:39,678 --> 00:26:43,015
在事后游走于田野之间

323
00:26:43,015 --> 00:26:47,008
他们的家园被洪水冲走

324
00:26:53,025 --> 00:26:54,393
探索队找到一个

325
00:26:54,393 --> 00:26:58,363
经历过1938年那场水患的人

326
00:26:58,363 --> 00:27:02,067
他是张劳利先生，今年六十六岁

327
00:27:02,067 --> 00:27:06,060
住在东港村，与太太儿子一同生活

328
00:27:16,615 --> 00:27:19,718
他说当他们一听到汹涌的水声

329
00:27:19,718 --> 00:27:23,722
就跟外甥到河岸看看发生了什么事

330
00:27:23,722 --> 00:27:26,158
当时水已经漫过河岸

331
00:27:26,158 --> 00:27:29,561
他们回到村子时，就知道没救了

332
00:27:29,561 --> 00:27:33,398
村子周围都是水，他们只好逃走

333
00:27:33,398 --> 00:27:37,391
他们还跑到附近五条村子警告村民

334
00:27:50,582 --> 00:27:54,575
队员问他家人有没有事

335
00:27:56,555 --> 00:27:58,156
他说家里有八个人

336
00:27:58,156 --> 00:28:00,125
他自己、太太

337
00:28:00,125 --> 00:28:04,118
四个哥哥和父母

338
00:28:14,740 --> 00:28:18,043
他说父母在那次水灾死了

339
00:28:18,043 --> 00:28:21,580
他们找地方落脚时，他们饿死了

340
00:28:21,580 --> 00:28:23,482
当时他要向人乞讨

341
00:28:23,482 --> 00:28:27,475
完全没有选择，人人都是这样

342
00:28:29,755 --> 00:28:33,058
原来泛滥之前村子有七百人

343
00:28:33,058 --> 00:28:35,594
但是到他们63年回去时

344
00:28:35,594 --> 00:28:39,587
只剩下二百人

345
00:28:40,465 --> 00:28:42,667
这场水患最可怕的地方

346
00:28:42,667 --> 00:28:45,570
是它并非一场自然灾害

347
00:28:45,570 --> 00:28:48,507
当时正与日军打仗的国民军

348
00:28:48,507 --> 00:28:51,710
炸毁堤坝以阻止日军进攻

349
00:28:51,710 --> 00:28:55,047
这次水灾，灾区由河南、江苏

350
00:28:55,047 --> 00:28:57,049
一直到安徽省

351
00:28:57,049 --> 00:29:00,052
有接近一百万人因而丧命

352
00:29:00,052 --> 00:29:03,422
田野被埋在一米厚的泥土之下

353
00:29:03,422 --> 00:29:06,024
但是苦况并未完结

354
00:29:06,024 --> 00:29:07,125
随后的几个月

355
00:29:07,125 --> 00:29:10,095
腐臭的芦苇生出蝗虫

356
00:29:10,095 --> 00:29:14,088
造成进一步的破坏

357
00:29:16,168 --> 00:29:17,803
现在村子很平静

358
00:29:17,803 --> 00:29:20,705
丝毫看不出来经受过如此的苦难

359
00:29:20,705 --> 00:29:21,840
在拍摄时

360
00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:25,444
村民正忙于收割丰收的稻米

361
00:29:25,444 --> 00:29:26,845
但是他们并未忘记

362
00:29:26,845 --> 00:29:29,548
四十年前所受过的苦

363
00:29:29,548 --> 00:29:31,650
他们会珍惜所有

364
00:29:31,650 --> 00:29:32,684
现在的丰足

365
00:29:32,684 --> 00:29:35,854
与1938年那次的悲剧性水患

366
00:29:35,854 --> 00:29:39,847
形成一个非常强烈的对比

367
00:29:40,459 --> 00:29:42,761
过去二千年来，河水泛滥

368
00:29:42,761 --> 00:29:46,754
令黄河改变河道超过二十六次

369
00:29:50,168 --> 00:29:52,437
黄河由北面的天津

370
00:29:52,437 --> 00:29:55,807
向南一直向长江流去

371
00:29:55,807 --> 00:29:57,375
而黄河河口

372
00:29:57,375 --> 00:30:00,078
就好像钟摆似的摆来摆去

373
00:30:00,078 --> 00:30:04,071
相差足足七百公里

374
00:30:07,385 --> 00:30:10,555
现在的河道，这条流向山东省北面

375
00:30:10,555 --> 00:30:12,491
渤海之滨的路线

376
00:30:12,491 --> 00:30:16,484
只维持了一百五十年左右

377
00:30:22,167 --> 00:30:23,668
这里是开封

378
00:30:23,668 --> 00:30:26,204
乍看上去，会以为这里是一个

379
00:30:26,204 --> 00:30:30,197
位于河南省黄河南边的繁华市集

380
00:30:30,709 --> 00:30:32,177
但是开封的历史

381
00:30:32,177 --> 00:30:36,170
从街道两旁的瓦顶屋已经可见一斑

382
00:30:36,781 --> 00:30:38,517
开封是中国古时

383
00:30:38,517 --> 00:30:41,186
六个最重要的市镇之一

384
00:30:41,186 --> 00:30:44,156
曾经两度成为国家的首都

385
00:30:44,156 --> 00:30:45,457
一次是魏国

386
00:30:45,457 --> 00:30:49,450
另一次是在宋朝年间

387
00:30:52,831 --> 00:30:56,768
开封是大运河沿岸的重要港口

388
00:30:56,768 --> 00:30:58,370
而这条大运河

389
00:30:58,370 --> 00:31:02,363
把黄河与其姐妹河长江连接起来

390
00:31:11,483 --> 00:31:13,552
但是在开封的生活

391
00:31:13,552 --> 00:31:16,388
并不是经常都这么轻松

392
00:31:16,388 --> 00:31:18,523
开封与很多北部城市一样

393
00:31:18,523 --> 00:31:22,516
黄河一泛滥，居民就会民不聊生

394
00:31:22,661 --> 00:31:25,897
开封也曾完全被河水淹没

395
00:31:25,897 --> 00:31:27,599
开封一带的强风

396
00:31:27,599 --> 00:31:30,235
也会刮起可怕的大风沙

397
00:31:30,235 --> 00:31:33,238
把整个开封完全包围

398
00:31:33,238 --> 00:31:36,841
所以它又有“沙堡垒”这个别号

399
00:31:36,841 --> 00:31:39,744
很多人说开封这里即使不刮风

400
00:31:39,744 --> 00:31:42,380
空气中也充满沙尘

401
00:31:42,380 --> 00:31:46,373
雨后的街道又充满泥泞

402
00:31:49,688 --> 00:31:53,658
1117年，开封出现最严重的灾难

403
00:31:53,658 --> 00:31:56,461
黄河本来流经开封北面

404
00:31:56,461 --> 00:31:59,731
再流入渤海之滨

405
00:31:59,731 --> 00:32:02,567
但是洪水之后，河道改变了

406
00:32:02,567 --> 00:32:04,703
现在它距离开封市北面

407
00:32:04,703 --> 00:32:08,696
只有二十公里

408
00:32:16,781 --> 00:32:19,017
这幅以汴京为题材的画

409
00:32:19,017 --> 00:32:22,587
是十一世纪画家张择端的作品

410
00:32:22,587 --> 00:32:24,689
现在存放在北京博物馆

411
00:32:24,689 --> 00:32:28,682
被视为国宝

412
00:32:35,433 --> 00:32:36,768
开封古城汴京

413
00:32:36,768 --> 00:32:40,761
是古代中国政治、经济和文化中心

414
00:32:41,606 --> 00:32:43,475
有一百万人口

415
00:32:43,475 --> 00:32:46,011
它被三道城墙团团围住

416
00:32:46,011 --> 00:32:49,648
坚定不移地保卫自己的水路运轮

417
00:32:49,648 --> 00:32:51,816
和手工艺品工业

418
00:32:51,816 --> 00:32:54,886
它也是东亚区的商业中心

419
00:32:54,886 --> 00:32:56,655
装满货物的船只

420
00:32:56,655 --> 00:32:59,557
经大运河进入黄河

421
00:32:59,557 --> 00:33:01,926
而贸易更延伸至印度

422
00:33:01,926 --> 00:33:05,919
阿拉伯和日本

423
00:33:09,067 --> 00:33:11,002
这幅画清楚表达了

424
00:33:11,002 --> 00:33:13,638
在这个围城之内的活力

425
00:33:13,638 --> 00:33:16,641
人和货物不断进出

426
00:33:16,641 --> 00:33:19,944
这幅画细致地画出运河上的船

427
00:33:19,944 --> 00:33:23,937
船上都载满贵重货物

428
00:33:31,856 --> 00:33:33,525
但是一夜之间

429
00:33:33,525 --> 00:33:35,994
黄河更改流动的方向

430
00:33:35,994 --> 00:33:39,987
汴京就被淹没在黄泥之中

431
00:33:59,884 --> 00:34:02,654
队员在开封中央地区的仓库

432
00:34:02,654 --> 00:34:06,024
有个意外发现

433
00:34:06,024 --> 00:34:08,727
这里看起来好像核弹仓库似的

434
00:34:08,727 --> 00:34:11,596
其实它储存的是谷物

435
00:34:11,596 --> 00:34:13,932
这里有十二个独立储藏室

436
00:34:13,932 --> 00:34:17,925
每个可以放五百吨谷物

437
00:34:37,889 --> 00:34:40,024
但是队员走下来要看的

438
00:34:40,024 --> 00:34:44,017
并非谷仓，而是汴京的遗迹

439
00:34:46,431 --> 00:34:48,767
这些砖块看起来没什么特别

440
00:34:48,767 --> 00:34:52,470
其实它们是明代城墙的遗迹

441
00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:55,640
1642年，开封被大肆破坏

442
00:34:55,640 --> 00:34:58,810
那场令三十五万人丧生的洪水

443
00:34:58,810 --> 00:35:02,480
将这道城墙长埋地下

444
00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,450
这些明代砖块上遗留的痕迹

445
00:35:05,450 --> 00:35:09,443
见证了城墙因河水上升所受的破坏

446
00:35:26,070 --> 00:35:28,773
清朝皇帝从十八世纪初

447
00:35:28,773 --> 00:35:30,675
开始兴建的城墙

448
00:35:30,675 --> 00:35:34,668
在1841年被洪水摧毁

449
00:35:40,985 --> 00:35:44,589
现今在开封尚存的宋朝古迹

450
00:35:44,589 --> 00:35:46,057
是这座五十五米高

451
00:35:46,057 --> 00:35:48,827
座落在山顶的塔

452
00:35:48,827 --> 00:35:52,820
黄河泛滥时，对它没有丝毫影响

453
00:35:55,934 --> 00:35:58,736
它俯视着山下的开封市

454
00:35:58,736 --> 00:36:00,538
市内居民牵挂的

455
00:36:00,538 --> 00:36:03,074
是黄河何时再度泛滥

456
00:36:03,074 --> 00:36:04,509
现在的开封市

457
00:36:04,509 --> 00:36:07,979
位于水平线之下七米的地方

458
00:36:07,979 --> 00:36:11,583
开封市民十分清楚泛滥的破坏力

459
00:36:11,583 --> 00:36:15,576
并且不断提高警觉，以防再次受灾

460
00:36:26,698 --> 00:36:27,732
“泛滥呀”

461
00:36:27,732 --> 00:36:29,267
“有人掉下去了”

462
00:36:29,267 --> 00:36:31,703
这些喊叫声真是恐，怖

463
00:36:31,703 --> 00:36:33,638
好在这次只是演习

464
00:36:33,638 --> 00:36:35,940
开封市经常举行演习

465
00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,933
训练大家的应变能力

466
00:36:49,787 --> 00:36:52,924
大家听到铜锣声就会跑到河岸

467
00:36:52,924 --> 00:36:55,860
有部份堤坝会被刻意摧毁

468
00:36:55,860 --> 00:36:59,853
以便进行真正的修葺工程

469
00:37:09,908 --> 00:37:12,310
当夏天泛滥季节来临时

470
00:37:12,310 --> 00:37:14,245
在黄河的下游地区

471
00:37:14,245 --> 00:37:16,514
包括河南和山东

472
00:37:16,514 --> 00:37:17,815
都会开始每星期

473
00:37:17,815 --> 00:37:21,808
或者每十天一次的演习

474
00:37:33,765 --> 00:37:34,999
虽然只是演习

475
00:37:34,999 --> 00:37:37,302
但是大家都非常认真

476
00:37:37,302 --> 00:37:40,104
他们用芦苇修补好堤坝缺口

477
00:37:40,104 --> 00:37:44,008
堆起石块和沙包，减慢河水的速度

478
00:37:44,008 --> 00:37:48,001
阻止河水由缺口渗入

479
00:37:54,018 --> 00:37:57,989
最后在地下打入木柱，将裂口封牢

480
00:37:57,989 --> 00:38:00,358
防止缺口破开

481
00:38:00,358 --> 00:38:02,860
山东省六个城市和村落

482
00:38:02,860 --> 00:38:04,662
合共一千二百人

483
00:38:04,662 --> 00:38:08,655
都会参加这个重要的演习

484
00:38:21,112 --> 00:38:25,105
这尊矗立在山上遥望黄河的石像

485
00:38:25,383 --> 00:38:27,819
是为了纪念大禹

486
00:38:27,819 --> 00:38:30,755
他是古代的治水英雄

487
00:38:30,755 --> 00:38:34,025
古皇帝舜差遣大禹治水

488
00:38:34,025 --> 00:38:36,828
大禹全情投入这项工作

489
00:38:36,828 --> 00:38:39,030
建筑运河和堤道

490
00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:41,799
最后他成功治理黄河

491
00:38:41,799 --> 00:38:43,868
中国人人都很尊敬他

492
00:38:43,868 --> 00:38:47,861
各地都有人向他致敬

493
00:38:55,780 --> 00:38:57,715
经过大禹治水的年代

494
00:38:57,715 --> 00:39:01,052
控制河水的方法愈来愈讲究

495
00:39:01,052 --> 00:39:03,655
河南东面三门峡的堤坝

496
00:39:03,655 --> 00:39:05,823
在1960年完工

497
00:39:05,823 --> 00:39:08,960
启用后就发现一个严重问题

498
00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:11,896
这道堤坝的确可以堵住河水

499
00:39:11,896 --> 00:39:15,889
但是也会堵住大量的沙土和淤泥

500
00:39:32,350 --> 00:39:36,343
泥沙堆在堤坝后面变成大型沙堤

501
00:39:36,421 --> 00:39:38,022
河水无处可退

502
00:39:38,022 --> 00:39:40,925
于是在黄河支流汾水

503
00:39:40,925 --> 00:39:44,918
就会出现严重泛滥

504
00:39:47,799 --> 00:39:50,101
工程师立刻想办法解决

505
00:39:50,101 --> 00:39:52,937
利用工具抽走泥沙

506
00:39:52,937 --> 00:39:55,807
三门峡堤坝的经验非常宝贵

507
00:39:55,807 --> 00:39:59,310
令他们明白不能只是控制河水

508
00:39:59,310 --> 00:40:03,303
还要研究如何处理河中的沙土淤泥

509
00:40:08,686 --> 00:40:10,888
预防总胜于治疗

510
00:40:10,888 --> 00:40:13,458
解决这个问题最根本的办法

511
00:40:13,458 --> 00:40:16,461
是防止泥沙流入黄河

512
00:40:16,461 --> 00:40:18,362
在黄土高原上植林

513
00:40:18,362 --> 00:40:20,732
可以阻止在夏天雨季时

514
00:40:20,732 --> 00:40:24,725
出现沙土侵蚀现象

515
00:40:27,972 --> 00:40:29,307
信不信由你

516
00:40:29,307 --> 00:40:31,442
他们不是在玩什么游戏

517
00:40:31,442 --> 00:40:33,311
这是唯一的方法

518
00:40:33,311 --> 00:40:37,304
把种子抛到高原上较难到达的地方

519
00:40:37,949 --> 00:40:41,942
这些泥球包着豆类植物的种子

520
00:40:54,098 --> 00:40:57,535
这些植物可以熬过干旱的季节

521
00:40:57,535 --> 00:41:01,439
它们的根会深入泥土，寻找地下水

522
00:41:01,439 --> 00:41:03,841
这样就可以固定泥土

523
00:41:03,841 --> 00:41:07,834
它们的叶又可以给牛和猪食用

524
00:41:09,847 --> 00:41:10,915
到不了的地方

525
00:41:10,915 --> 00:41:13,785
就要靠直升机投掷种子

526
00:41:13,785 --> 00:41:15,386
松树和由加利树

527
00:41:15,386 --> 00:41:17,755
这些耐寒耐旱的植物

528
00:41:17,755 --> 00:41:20,091
可以种在以前一片荒芜的

529
00:41:20,091 --> 00:41:24,084
黄土高原山边

530
00:41:53,457 --> 00:41:56,327
在山边一层又一层的梯田

531
00:41:56,327 --> 00:41:59,597
可以说是中国一个典型景观

532
00:41:59,597 --> 00:42:01,499
梯田看上去很美

533
00:42:01,499 --> 00:42:04,335
事实上有实际需要

534
00:42:04,335 --> 00:42:05,536
高原上的农夫

535
00:42:05,536 --> 00:42:09,340
需要靠它们防止农作物被冲走

536
00:42:09,340 --> 00:42:10,975
梯田顾名思义

537
00:42:10,975 --> 00:42:14,968
就是好像楼梯似的农田

538
00:42:15,847 --> 00:42:17,849
耕牛帮助犁田

539
00:42:17,849 --> 00:42:21,052
而这里的农作物都不怕干旱

540
00:42:21,052 --> 00:42:23,955
有玉蜀黍、高粱、小麦

541
00:42:23,955 --> 00:42:27,948
粟米和马铃薯

542
00:42:57,655 --> 00:42:59,423
中国人很有诗意地

543
00:42:59,423 --> 00:43:03,416
将梯田形容成一片上达天庭的农地

544
00:43:04,562 --> 00:43:06,631
这个说法也很贴切

545
00:43:06,631 --> 00:43:10,301
许多山边都开垦出五十块梯田

546
00:43:10,301 --> 00:43:14,294
而最高的达一百米

547
00:43:37,361 --> 00:43:40,665
梯田可以防止黄土流入黄河

548
00:43:40,665 --> 00:43:43,267
但是囤积的淤泥怎么办呢

549
00:43:43,267 --> 00:43:46,504
把泥挖走就是最好的方法

550
00:43:46,504 --> 00:43:50,497
在黄河下游地带，挖泥机随处可见

551
00:43:50,608 --> 00:43:54,601
把泥土挖走，再将它们注入水塘

552
00:44:08,459 --> 00:44:11,028
跟泥土一起抽出来的河水

553
00:44:11,028 --> 00:44:13,564
可以用来灌概农作物

554
00:44:13,564 --> 00:44:17,557
挖出的泥就用来建造堤道和堤坝

555
00:44:17,635 --> 00:44:18,703
最重要的是

556
00:44:18,703 --> 00:44:21,639
挖泥可以降低河床的高度

557
00:44:21,639 --> 00:44:25,632
减少泛滥的机会

558
00:44:35,720 --> 00:44:39,390
挖泥可以说有一石三鸟的好处

559
00:44:39,390 --> 00:44:42,994
它降低水位，抽出河水用来灌概

560
00:44:42,994 --> 00:44:46,987
又抽出泥土建造新的堤道和堤坝

561
00:44:50,101 --> 00:44:52,036
这个一石三鸟的方案

562
00:44:52,036 --> 00:44:54,438
是多年研究的成果

563
00:44:54,438 --> 00:44:56,073
也是中国多年来

564
00:44:56,073 --> 00:45:00,066
对抗黄河泥流这个问题的理想答案

565
00:45:05,750 --> 00:45:09,120
河南和山东省一带的黄河河岸

566
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:13,113
都筑起狭长的堤坝

567
00:45:24,568 --> 00:45:28,372
建筑堤坝的工程在1950年展开

568
00:45:28,372 --> 00:45:30,041
到四十年后的今天

569
00:45:30,041 --> 00:45:32,810
工程仍在进行

570
00:45:32,810 --> 00:45:35,379
当局每年都会征召三十万人

571
00:45:35,379 --> 00:45:39,372
协助筑堤的工程

572
00:45:43,287 --> 00:45:47,058
这个V型堤坝用石块和水泥造成

573
00:45:47,058 --> 00:45:49,627
离水平线五至六米

574
00:45:49,627 --> 00:45:52,329
不过这部份只是冰山一角

575
00:45:52,329 --> 00:45:53,664
在河里面的堤坝

576
00:45:53,664 --> 00:45:57,657
足足有二十米之深

577
00:46:10,781 --> 00:46:12,650
这些堤坝是特别建造

578
00:46:12,650 --> 00:46:15,352
以减慢河水向前的冲力

579
00:46:15,352 --> 00:46:16,520
它在黄河两岸

580
00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:20,491
一直伸延了足足三千五百公里

581
00:46:20,491 --> 00:46:21,659
我们把这些堤坝

582
00:46:21,659 --> 00:46:24,562
比喻为现代的长城工程

583
00:46:24,562 --> 00:46:28,555
完全没有夸张

584
00:46:39,577 --> 00:46:41,846
对于生活在河岸的居民来讲

585
00:46:41,846 --> 00:46:45,839
黄河是他们生活的一部份

586
00:46:50,287 --> 00:46:52,723
这艘载满乘客和货物的船

587
00:46:52,723 --> 00:46:56,694
开始由黄河的一边开往对面河岸

588
00:46:56,694 --> 00:46:57,795
这里有许多船

589
00:46:57,795 --> 00:47:01,732
由简单的筏子到钢铁造的船都有

590
00:47:01,732 --> 00:47:05,725
大家一起在黄河上做生意

591
00:47:12,510 --> 00:47:16,413
黄河是黄龙，亦是中华民族之悲壮

592
00:47:16,413 --> 00:47:18,749
对居住在河岸两旁的人来说

593
00:47:18,749 --> 00:47:21,752
他们要时刻提防黄河泛滥

594
00:47:21,752 --> 00:47:25,356
所以居民对黄河又敬又怕

595
00:47:25,356 --> 00:47:28,659
这条黄龙可以说是亦敌亦友

596
00:47:28,659 --> 00:47:30,728
黄河会惩治他们

597
00:47:30,728 --> 00:47:33,397
同时又为他们提供所需

598
00:47:33,397 --> 00:47:36,467
沿岸的居民需要忍受它的蹂躏

599
00:47:36,467 --> 00:47:40,460
才能得到它的祝福